b"/;~rf/
df]afOnsf] cfsflzFbf] k|of]u
z'?–z'?df k|foM x'g]vfg], ;f]lvg / 7"nf
Jofkf/L–Joj;foLx¿sf xftdf b]lvg] df]afOn kmf]g lxhf]cfh
;fdfGo dflg;n] klg af]Sg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ lghL If]q k|lt:kwf{df
cfpg'cl3 g} ahf/ cf]u6\g k"jf{wf/ / IfdtfeGbf a9L ljt/0f ul/Psf]
Pg6L;Lsf] df]afOn Odh]{G;Ldf sfd glbg] ePsf] 5 .
•
w|'a l;Dv8f÷zLtn
sf]O/fnf
ls/0f kf08]{ |
sfnLdf6L kmnkm"n
tyf t/sf/L ahf/df !! jif{b]lv Jofkf/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf kfFrvfnsf s]zj
>]i7sf] Pp6f xft df]afOn kmf]g ;dfpg / csf]{ xft t/sf/L tf}ng
Jo:t 5 . #! jifL{o s]zjnfO{ j/bfg g} ePsf] 5 df]afOn .
eG5g\, ædnfO{ t/sf/Lsf] c8{/ lng / efp ldnfpg lgs} ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 .Æ
z'?–z'?df k|foM x'g]vfg], ;f]lvg / 7"nf
Jofkf/L–Joj;foLx¿sf xftdf b]lvg] df]afOn kmf]g lxhf]cfh
;fdfGo dflg;, Jofkf/L, KnDa/, 8sdL{, l;sdL{, 7]s]bf/, 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/nufot
y'k|} k]zfsdL{x¿n] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . b'O{–rf/
jif{cl3;Dd k]h/ lng]x¿ k|foM ;a}n] clxn] df]afOn lnPsf 5g\ .
…Kn; 6'Ú sf ljBfyL{x¿df ;d]t df]afOnsf] …qm]hÚ
a9]sf] 5 .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] #) j}zfv @)%^ df !) xhf/
kf]:6k]8 nfOgaf6 z'? u/]sf] …Pg6L;L df]afOnÚ sf u|fxsx¿
kf]:6k]8 *) xhf/ / lk|k]8 ! nfv &) xhf/ u/L @ nfv %) xhf/ k'lu;s]sf
5g\ . lk|k]8 kmf]g ;]jf ^ ebf} @)^) df z'? ePsf] xf] .
xfn b]zsf #@ lhNnf / ;a} k|d'v zx/df df]afOn kmf]g k'u]sf] 5 .
sDkgLsf], gofF;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf dxfk|aGws dbgsfhL zfSo eG5g\, æxfdL
;'v]{t, u'nl/of, lbkfon, 3f]/fxL, t'n;Lk'/, s[i0fgu/df klg rfF8}
;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ tof/Ldf 5f}F .Æ
;ª\Vof / If]q lj:tf/ x'Fb} uP klg g]kfndf s'n
hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps k|ltztn] dfq df]afOn kmf]g k|of]u u5{, h'g ljsl;t
d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf w]/} sd xf] .
s;/L lng ;lsG5 df]afOn
5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} nf]slk|o g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] gDa/
/ ;Ldsf8{ ?=!& ;o lt/]/ lng ;lsG5, h;df b'O{ dlxgfleq k|of]u
ul/;Sg'kg]{ ?=%)) sf] sn ;'ljwf ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 . To;kl5 b'O{
dlxgf / ;f9]rf/ dlxgfleq k|of]u ug'{kg]{ qmdzM ?=%!) / ?=!)@) sf]
l/rfh{sf8{ lsg]/ df]afOn k|of]u ub}{ hfg ;lsG5 . l/rfh{sf8{
sDkgLsf] sfp06/sf ;fy} aflx/ v'b|fk;nx¿df ;d]t kfOG5 .
;fwf/0ftof ?=# xhf/ w/f}6L /fv]/ lng ;lsg] kf]:6k]8sf] h8fg z'Ns
/ ;Ldsf8{sf nflu yk ?=@^%) vr{ nfU5 . kf]:6k]8df cfO{P;8L ;'ljwfsf
nflu ?=% xhf/ / cGo d'n'sdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] /f]ldË ;'ljwfsf
nflu ?=#) xhf/ w/f}6L /fVg'k5{ .
kf]:6k]8sf] dfl;s Go"gtd z'Ns ?=%)) 5, h;df
?=@%) sf] sn 5'6 x'G5 . o;sf] w/f}6L /sd, qm]l86 lnld6sf] ¿kdf
/xG5Ù h;sf] &% k|ltzt l;l4Fbf u|fxsnfO{ P;PdP;af6 hfgsf/L
u/fOG5, () k|ltzt l;l4Fbf afx\o sn lgif]w / ;a} ;lsPkl5 cfudg sn
;d]t lgif]w ul/G5 . lk|k]8 kmf]gdf sf8{df ?=%) eGbf sd afFsL
ePkl5 u|fxsnfO{ P;PdP;af6 hfgsf/L lbOG5 . To;kl5 kmf]g u/]df
l/rfh{sf8{ lng ;D‰fOG5 / km]l/ klg kmf]g ug]{ k|of; u/]df
w/f}6L /sd z"Godf k'U5, u|fxsn] clGtd l/dfOG8/ 6f]g kfpF5 /
kmf]g aGb x'G5 .
lk|k]8af6 aflx/ ul/g] snsf] k|ltldg]6 ?=$=^) / cfpg]
snsf] df]afOnaf6 k|ltldg]6 ^) k};f / ;fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 ?=!=@) k5{ .
kf]:6k]8df of] b/ s]xL ;:tf] 5– aflx/ ul/g] k|ltldg]6 ?=#=^)
/ cfpg] df]afOnaf6 %) k};f / ;fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 ?=! . kf]:6k]8af6
/flt * ah]b]lv laxfg * ah];Dd kmf]g ubf{ ?=!=*) dfq nfU5, h'g 5'6
lk|k]8df 5}g . lk|k]8 / kf]:6k]8 b'j}df /flt * ah]b]lv laxfg
* ah];Dd ;fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 cfPsf] sn lgMz'Ns …l/l;eÚ
ug{ ;lsG5 . xf]d nf]s]zg cyf{t\ Pp6} c~rneGbf aflx/sf] kmf]g
l/l;e ubf{ rflxF k|ltldg]6 ?=^ l8:6]G; z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . o;afx]s
;/sf/n] u|fxsx¿af6 s'n dx;'nsf] !% k|ltzt 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg
z'Ns -6LP;\;L_ / !) k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ lnG5 .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] clxn] klg b}lgs #)–$) j6f kf]:6k]8
df]afOn laqmL ul//fv]sf] / s/La cf7 xhf/ nfOg ljt/0f x'g afFsL /x]sf]
gofF;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf dxfk|aGws zfSo atfpF5g\ . t/ sDkgLn]
lk|k]8sf] dfu eg] k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . tLg–rf/ dlxgfdf
s]xL xhf/ nfOg yKb} ljt/0f ul//xFbf sltko a]nf t s}of}F 7fpFdf eL8
lgoGq0f ug{ nf7Lrfh{ ;d]t ug'{k/]sf] 5 .
Odh]{G;Ldf Pg6L;L df]afOn
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|jQmf ;'/]Gb|k|;fb lys] sDkgLn] u|fxs ;ª\Vofsf]
j[l4 / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf b'j}df Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] atfP klg df]afOnsf
u|fxsx¿ sn l8:6a{sf] ;d:ofaf6 cflht 5g\ . s'g} dxŒjk"0f{
ldl6ªdf hfg nfu]sf] a]nf 6«flkms hfddf kl/of], /flt 3/
kmls{g l9nf x'g] eof], Jo:t ahf/df k'u]/ s'g} ;fdfgsf] af/]df 3/df
tTsfn ;f]Wg'k¥of] eg] tkfO{Fsf] df]afOnn] k|foM sfd ub}{g .
…g]6js{ ljhLÚ, …clxn] ;Dks{ x'g;s]g,
kl5 k'gM k|of; ug'{xf]nfÚ h:tf ;Gb]zn] x}/fg kf5{ .
sltko cj:yfdf t lagf s'g} ;Gb]z l6F===l6F=== cfjfh cfP/ df]afOn
cj?4 x'G5 . ef]ln lghL If]q k|lt:kwf{df cfpg'cl3 g} a9L eGbf
a9L ahf/ lx:;f lng g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k"jf{wf/ / Ifdtf eGbf a9L
df]afOn ljt/0f u/]sf sf/0f g} o:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] xf] .
gofF;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf dxfk|aGws zfSo eg] o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{
;jf/L;fwgx¿sf] 6«flkms hfd;Fu t'ngf u5{g\ . eG5g\,
æztk|ltzt sn ;kmn x'g] l8hfOg sxLF x'Fb}g . g]kfndf klg
k|lt306f b'O{ k|ltzt sn c;kmn x'G5 . df]afOn kmf]gsf u|fxsx¿
Ps} 7fpFdf a:b}gg\ . Pp6} :6]zgdf a9L kmf]g Pslqt x'Fbf, Pp6}
;dodf a9L k|of]u ul/Fbf, sdhf]/ ;]6 k|of]u ubf{ / nfdf] ;do s'/f
ul/lbFbf klg sn l8:6a{ x'g;S5 .Æ sf]Gsf df]afOn ;]6sf
cflwsfl/s laqm]tf ;f}/e kmf]6f] OG6/g]zgnsf ahf/ Joj:yfks
jfO=cf/= uf}td sn l8:6a{sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ /
6fj/x¿ yKg'kg]{ atfpF5g\ .
t/ sltkosf] egfOdf sd;n tyf gSsnL ;]6sf sf/0f klg
o:tf] ;d:of cfpg] u5{ . lkmlnK;sf] clws[t laqm]tf Hof]lt ;d"xsf
lgb]{zs ;f}/e Hof]ltsf] ;Nnfx 5, sd;n ;]6 lsg]/ b"/;~rf/nfO{
bf]if lbg'eGbf :t/Lo ;]6 lsGg'kb{5 .
s;n] gunf{ P;PdP; Û
;do / k};f w]/} vr{ gul/sg} ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ;]jf xf]
P;PdP; -;6{ d];]h ;le{;_ . Pp6f P;PdP;df vfnL 7fpF;lxt !^)
cIf/ c6fpF5g\ . P;PdP;df z'esfdgf, l/ª6f]g, tl:a/, …hf]sÚ
cflb k7fpg] klg w]/} rng 5 . logdf cZnLn hf]s / tl:a/x¿
;d]t x'G5g\ . g]kfndf Ps hgf df]afOn k|of]ustf{n] P;PdP; k|of]u
u/]/ b}lgs cf};t b'O{j6f ;Gb]z k7fpF5 eGg] cg'dfg 5 . To; lx;fan]
dlxgfdf ! s/f]8 %% nfv @) xhf/ P;PdP; cfbfgk|bfg x'G5 .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b]zleq k7fOg] P;PdP;sf] ?=! / ljb]zdf
k7fOg] P;PdP;sf] ?=!) lnG5, ;Gb]z kfpg]n] k};f ltg'{kb}{g .
lk|k]8af6 ljb]zdf ;f]‰} P;PdP; ug{ ;lsG5 eg] kf]:6k]8df sDtLdf
cfOP;8L jf /f]ldË ;'ljwf lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . P;PdP; afx]s
Pg6L;L df]afOndf sn kmjf{l8Ë, sn j]l6Ë, sn xf]N8, EjfO;d]n,
dlN6kf6L{ sGkm/]G;, ;]n df]afOn a|f]8sfli6Ë h:tf ;'ljwfx¿
klg 5g\ .
hxfF klg k|of]u x'g] :of6\nfO6 df]afOn
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'Ug g;s]sf b'u{d kxf8L / lxdfnL e]sdf :of6\nfO6
df]afOn kmf]g pkof]uL ag]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6
Ohfht lnP/ g]kfndf b'O{ jif{b]lv :of6\nfO6 df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf
PEsf] OG6/g]zgn / sG:6n];gn] qmdzM lkmlnlkG; / cj'wfjLl:yt u]6j]
k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/df o:tf cf7–gf} j6f …:of6\nfO6
u]6j]Ú 5g\, h;n] :of6\nfO6 kmf]gdf ul/g] s'/fsfgL l6Kg] /
kmfNg] ub{5g\ .
:of6\nfO6 kmf]g c¿ eGbf dxËf] kb{5 .
g]kfndf o;sf] ;]6sf] d"No sDtLdf ?=&) xhf/ / z'Ns k|ltldg]6
?=%@ 5 . o;df klg ;fwf/0f df]afOn kmf]gsf] h:t} lk|k]8 / kf]:6k]8
;Ldsf8{x¿ k|of]u x'G5g\ . @%, %) / !)) 8n/ kg]{ lk|k]8sf
u|fxsx¿n] z'?d} ;a} z'Ns / s/ lt/]sf x'G5g\ eg] Go'gtd z'Ns
dfl;s !% 8n/ /x]sf] kf]:6k]8sf] dx;'n ;DalGwt u]6j]n] cfˆgf
Ph]G6 sDkgLdfkm{t\ c;'N5g\ . k|flws/0fnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ klg
ltg} sDkgLn] a'‰fpF5g\ .
d'VotM ko{6g Joj;foL, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf / xfO8«f]kfj/ sDkgLdf sfd ug]{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{
o:tf] kmf]gaf6 ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]b]lv bfr'{nfsf] cgsG6f/ s'gf];Dd,
hxfFaf6 hxfF;'s} ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 . dfcf]jfbLsf dxŒjk"0f{
;}Go / /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf g]tf tyf s'g} ljz]if ld;g jf sfo{qmdsf
nflu lhDd]jf/ g]tf–sfo{stf{x¿n] klg :of6\nfO6 kmf]g
k|of]u u5{g\ .
ljut b'O{ jif{df b'O{ ;o j6f :of6\nfO6 kmf]g laqmL
ul/;s]sf] PEsf] OG6/g]zgn, Jofkf/ ljsf; ljefusf ;xfos k|aGws ljzfn
lu/Lsf cg';f/, g]kfndf k|ltdlxgf !*–@) j6f :of6\nfO6 kmf]gx¿
laqmL x'G5g\ .
xflg / a]kmfObf Û
df]afOn kmf]gn] :jf:Yo, vf;u/L d'6'df c;/ u5{ eGg] s'/f a/f]a/ rrf{df
cfpg] u5{ . kfOG6sf] ks]6, sDd/ j/k/ /fVbf o;n] of}g Ifdtfdf
c;/ ug]{ / gk'+;s t'Nofpg] xNnf klg 5 . t/ sflGt afn c:ktfnsf
/]l8of]nf]lh:6 8f= tLy{ a'nf{sf]6L eG5g\, æo;af6 lg:sg] /]l8of]wdL{
ljls/0fx¿ z/L/leq k:bf c;/ t k/]sf] xf]nf, t/ :ki6 v'6\ofpg
;lsg] OGHo'l/h kfOPsf] 5}g .Æ ljz]if1x¿ 5ftLsf]
afofF vNtL cyf{t\ d'6'sf] glhs g/fVg / s'/f ubf{ x]o/kmf]g k|of]u
ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . ;]6sf Dofg'cnx¿df klg 5ftLeGbf sDtLdf
^ O~r 6f9f /fv]/ dfq df]afOn k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx lbOPsf] x'G5 .
;jf/L;fwg rnfO/x]sf] a]nfdf df]afOn k|of]u u/]sf sf/0f
b'3{6gf ePsf pbfx/0f k|z:t} 5g\ . 6«flkms k|x/Ln] df]afOn
k|of]u u/]/ ;jf/L rnfpg]x¿dfly sf/afxL ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
pkTosf 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{non] clxn];Dd 8«fOleË
l;6df a;]/ df]afOn rnfpg] ##) hgfdfly sf/afxL ul/;s]sf] 5 .
@)^! ;fnsf gf} dlxgfdf dfq} !*) hgf sf/afxLdf kl/;s]sf 5g\ .
k|foM lghL df]6/÷Eofgsf rfnsx¿ kg]{ sf/afxLsf] of]
tYofÍdf ;DalGwt k|x/L kf]i6af6} 5fl8Psfx¿ eg] ;dfj]z
5}gg\ .
df]afOnsf k|of]ustf{x¿ a9]klg cfd ¿kdf
o;sf] k|of]u ;Eo / ;';+:s[t tl/sfaf6 x'g;s]sf] 5}g . Pp6fsf]
c;Eotfn] c¿ w]/}nfO{ x}/fg kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf]
¿kdf s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ ;ef, uf]i7L, a}7s, k9fO / s'/fsfgLsf
a]nf tf/Gtf/ aHg] df]afOnsf 306Lx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;n]
b]vfpF5, g]kfnLx¿n] s:tf] a]nf s;/L df]afOn k|of]u ug]{ eGg]
;Eo df]afOn pkof]usf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{ afFsL g} 5 .
gSsnL ;]6sf] laulauL
tkfO{Fn] lsGg'ePsf] ;]6 st} gSsnL t k/]g < sxfF lsGg'ePsf]
xf], lsGbf pTkfbssf] Koflsª, Dofg'cn, ;ˆ6j]o/, x]o/kmf]g
jf cGo P;];l/h kfpg'eof] ls ePg, k;n]n] ljn lbof] ls lbPg eGg] s'/fn]
;]6 gSsnL÷;SsnL s] xf], 5'6\ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . lan,
jf/]G6L, Dofg'cn, P;];l/h cflb glbg] k;n, cflwsfl/s Ph]06 jf laqm]tf
gx'g ;S5g\ . ;Da4 Jofkf/Lx¿sf] egfOdf g]kfndf df]afOn
kmf]gsf gSsnL ;]6sf] cj}w sf/f]af/ ug]{x¿ y'k|} 5g\ .
ltgn] ;]s]08Xof08, rf]/Lsf jf gSsnL ;]6 a]Rg], sd;n Aof6«L
/flvlbg] u5{g\ . ;fyLefO, cfkmGtn] ljb]zaf6 NofOlbPsf ;]6 /fd|}
x'g;S5g\, t/ ljb]zdf klg ;a} 7fpFdf :t/Lo ;]6 g} kfOG5 eGg] 5}g .
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] xfn;Ddsf] ljt/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf]
eg] b]ze/ clxn] dflg;x¿sf vNtLdf @ nfv $@ xhf/ df]afOn ;]6
5g\ . t/ eG;f/ ljefusf] kl5Nnf] tYofÍdf b"/;~rf/n]
z'?df NofPsf] tLg xhf/ ;]6afx]s cf=j= @)%&÷)%* b]lv @)^!
dª\l;/ d;fGt;Dd #( xhf/ #^$ j6f ;]6x¿ dfq g]kfn lelqPsf]
b]lvG5 . ?=! s/f]8 #) nfv !% xhf/ d"Nosf tL ;a} ;]6 k|of]ud}
ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg] afFsL ! nfv (^ xhf/ #^ j6f ;]6 sxfFaf6, s;/L
cfP < ;/sf/n] nut g/fVg] u/]sf] ljb]z hfg]x¿n] Nofpg]
jf ljb]zaf6 cfkmGt÷;fyLefOn] k7fpg] Ps–b'O{ j6f ;]6n]
oqf] ;ª\Vof cjZo g} k'Ub}g . k|:6 5, clwsf+z ;]6 cj}w
af6f]af6} cfPsf] 5 .
;fdfGotM Pp6f ;]6sf] cf};t d"No ?=!) xhf/ dfGg]
xf] eg] cj}w af6f]af6 cfPsf ;]6sf] d"No ‰08} ?=@ ca{
kg{ cfpF5 . o;sf] kfFr k|ltztn] p7\g] /fh:j lx;fa ubf{ s/La
?=!) s/f]8 7uL ePsf] b]lvG5 . dflg;x¿n] ;do–;dodf
;]6 km]g]{ x'gfn] g]kfn lelqg] df]afOnsf] ;ª\Vof / /fh:j 7uLsf]
kl/df0f c‰} a9L x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . cj}w sf/f]af/n]
ubf{ ljleGg a|f08sf clws[t laqm]tfx¿ dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ .
gf]lsofsf] cflwsfl/s laqm]tf, g]kfn cf]el;{h dfs]{l6Ë sDkgLsf
ahf/ Joj:yfks e"kfn If]qL cj}w ¿kdf cfP/ ahf/ lnPsf
;]6x¿ …u|] k|8S6Ú nfO{ tTsfn lg?T;flxt ug'{kg]{
atfpF5g\ . clxn];Dd gf]lsof, lkmlnK;, a8{, ;f]gL Ol/S;g, df]6f]/f]nf,
;fd;'Ë, sf]Gsf a|f08sf df]afOn ;]6sf pTkfbsn] g]kfndf l8n/x¿
/fv]sf 5g\ .
df]afOn ;]6x¿
gf]lsofM g]kfnLx¿df‰
lgSs} …kk'n/Ú gf]lsofn] cfˆgf gf} j6f df]8nx¿
:yfgLo ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . oLdWo] klg !!)), @!)) / @#)) df]8nsf
;]6x¿ w]/}sf] 5gf}6 ag]sf] 5 . qmdzM ?=^&*), ?=*@%)
/ ?=*$&) kg]{ oL ;]6dWo] s]xLdf sn/ l8:Kn], PkmPd /]l8of], kf]lnkmf]lgS;
;fp08 / @! ;o lsnf]afO6 a9L d]df]/Lnufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ 5g\ .
lel8of] /]s8{/, Sofd]/f, Od]nnufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ ;lxtsf] ?=#!(%)
kg]{ ^^)) df]8nsf] gf]lsof ;]6 ;a}eGbf dxFuf] xf] .
sf]GsfM ;f}/e kmf]6f] OG6/g]zgndfkm{t\
cfPsf] lrlgofF sDkgL sf]Gsfsf b'O{ j6f df]8n ahf/df 5g\ . ;L
*)* / cf/ &@* df]8nsf ;]6x¿df #* j6f l/ª6f]g, 6f]g
sDkf]h, kmf]lN8ª ;]6, sn/ l8:Kn]nufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ 5g\ .
logsf] d"No qmdzM ?=!)%)) / ?=*%)) /x]sf] 5 .
;fd;'ªM ;fd;'ªn] cfˆgf
ljleGg df]8nsf df]afOn ;]6x¿ g]kfnL ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f ul//x]sf]
5 . ?=^ xhf/b]lv ?=@@ xhf/;Ddsf oL ;]6df Zofd÷Zj]t tyf
/ËLg l:qmg, #* l/ª 6f]g, Sofd]/f tyf s'/fsfgL ul/g] JolQmsf]
tl:a/ /fVg ;lsg]nufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ 5g\ .
;f]gL Pl/S;gM EjfO; /]s8{/, Od]n,
Sofd]/f, sn/ cfO8L, l8lh6n Sofd]/f, d'eL Sofd]/f, PdkLy|L Kn]o/,
PkmPd /]l8of], Od]nnufotsf ;'ljwfx¿ ;lxtsf] ljleGg ( j6f
df]8nx¿ ;f]gL Pl/S;gn] g]kfnL ahf/df pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
o;sf] cflwsfl/s laqm]tf cf]l;og sDKo'6/sf cg';f/ ?=%@)) b]lv ?=%%
xhf/;Ddsf oL df]8nx¿dWo] 6L !)%, 6L @#), h]8 @)) / 6L ^!)
:yfgLo pkef]QmfaLr a9L nf]slk|o 5g\ .
cf]6" M ?=%% xhf/ kg]{ cf]6"
df]afOn ;]6 klg cf]l;og sDKo'6/n] g} NofPsf] xf] . k|foM wgL
/ Jo:t dflg;x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ PS;8LPPnPn df]8nsf] of] ;]6n]
sDKo'6/sf] sfd klg u5{ .
lkmlnK;M Hof]lt ;d"xdfkm{t\
g]kfnLx¿sf] dg lhTg] k|of;df /x]sf] lkmlnK;sf kfFr j6f df]8nx¿
ahf/df 5g\ . ?=&(() b]lv ?=@!(() ;Dd kg]{ Zofd÷Zj]t
tyf /ËLg oL ;]6dWo] s]xLdf Sofd]/f nufotsf ;'ljwfx¿
5g\ .
a8{M lrlgofF sDkgL lgªaf] a8{sf ^ j6f df]8nx¿n]
klg oxfFsf] ahf/df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . k|]m~r k|ljlwaf6 ag]sf]
elgPsf a8{ ;]6x¿ kftnf / 5l/tf 5g\ . Ps ldg]6;Ddsf]
l8lh6n lel8of] / :6Ln kmf]6f] lvRg] Sofd]/f h8fg ePsf] a8{ ;]6sf]
tf}n ^% u|fd dfq} 5 .
:of6\nfO6 kmf]gx¿
y'/fofM x]lnS; Pn Aof08 PG6]gf hl8Psf]
y'/fofsf] Xo"h 8'Pn df]8n, cfjfhsf lx;fan] /fd|f] dflgG5 .
^%) PdPPr Aof6«L k|of]u u/]/ ‰08} ;f9] b'O{ 306f s'/f
ug{ ;lsg] of] ;]6sf] d"No Eof6afx]s ?=^#%)) k5{ .
Plzof ;]n'n/ :of6\nfO6 -P;];_M o;sf]
cf/ !() df]8nsf] ;Ldsf8{ / %) 8n/sf] lgMz'Ns sn ;'ljwf;lxt ?=^%(((
kb{5 . 3/fo;L k|of]usf] nflu dfq pkof]u x'g] Pkmcf/ !() df]8nsf]
d"No ?=** xhf/ 5 . P;];n] …hL–j]eÚ
gfds :of6\nfO6 ;]jf klg ;~rfng ub}{5 . OG6/g]6 x]g{, Od]n k7fpg,
csf]{ 7fpFdf ePsf] sDKo'6/sf] 8f6f tfGg ;lsg] ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] of]
;]jfsf nflu sDKo'6/sf cltl/Qm ^ s]hL tf}nsf] Pp6f 5'§} pks/0f
cfjZos k5{ .
…OhL sn sf8{Ú
…OhL sn sf8{Ú
;fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g
ug]{ ;'ljwf ePsf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] …lk|k]8 slnË sf8{Ú
-kL;L sf8{_ xf] . ?=@)), ?=%)) / ?=!,))) d"Nosf OhL sn
sf8{x¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ p7\g] lan cgnfOgd} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
u|fxsn] cfˆgf] sf8{sf] k|of]u c¿af6 gxf];\
eg]/ ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . tkfO{Fsf] gDa/ ;]6df ;'/lIft /xFbf;Dd c¿n]
To;sf] b'?kof]u ug{;Sg] x'gfn] aflx/sf] kmf]gaf6 of] sf8{ k|of]u
ul/;s]kl5 8fon u/]sf] gDa/ l8ln6 ug'{k5{ . z'?df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
!^%) gDa/ 8fon u/]kl5 Olh sn;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / To;af6 kmf]g
ug{ ;lsG5 .
ufpF–ufpFdf kmf]g
g]kfn 6]lnsd
/ o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd afx]s g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ csf]{ Pp6f
;+:yf klg 5– cd]l/sL, yfO{ / g]kfnLsf] ;+o'Qm nufgL /x]sf]
…P;6LPd 6]lnsdÚ . ljZj AofÍsf] ;xof]udf gf]e]Da/
@))# b]lv k"jf{~rnsf !^ lhNnfsf %#$ uflj;df le:of6 k|ljlwsf
b'O{–b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul//x]sf] of] ;+:yfn] clxn];Dd
l;/fxf, ;Kt/L, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, ‰fkf, Onfd, pbok'/, vf]6fË,
cf]vn9'Ëfdf kfFr ;o kmf]g lbPsf] 5 . g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0f, Ohfht zfvf k|d'v lbk]z cfrfo{sf cg';f/ P;6LPdn] 8]9 jif{leq
of] sfd ul/;Sg'kg]{ u/L k|flws/0faf6 cg'dlt kfPsf] xf] .
sDkgLn] uflj;af6 Pp6f kmf]g h8fg ubf{ ?=$@ xhf/ %))
lng] u/]sf] 5 . 6]lnsd ;le{; rfh{ / Eof6;lxt kmf]g z'Ns k|ltldg]6
?=!@ k5{ . o;af6 p7\g] /sdsf] s]xL lx:;f k|flws/0fnfO{ a'‰fpg'k5{
eg] afFsL /sd ;~rfng vr{ tyf P;6LPdsf] gfkmfdf hfG5 .
s]xL jif{cl3 of] sfdsf nflu cfPsf] Ps cd]l/sL sDkgLn]
;'/Iffsf sf/0f ;f] If]qdf sfd ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . clxn] klg Onfdsf]
rd}tf, zflGtk'/ / ;dfna'ªdf h8fg ul/Psf kmf]gx¿ dfcf]jfbLn]
nu]sf 5g\ eg] pbok'/, cf]vn9'Ëf / vf]6fËsf s]xL uflj;df
n}hfg] wDsL lbPsf 5g\ . csf]{lt/, kmf]g h8fg ul/;s]sf s]xL
uflj;x¿n] P;6LPdn] cfjZostf eGbf a9L /sd lnPsf] egL cfjfh
p7fpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
nf]slk|o aGb}5 o'6LPn
g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf :yflkt
o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o'6LPn_n] xfn pkTosfdf ;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf]
tf//lxt kmf]g ;+rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .
o'6LPndf g]kfnL Jofkfl/s ;d"x ljzfn u'|ksf] g]kfn
e]~r/ k|f=ln=sf] @) k|ltzt / ef/tLo nufgLstf{x¿ dxfgu/ 6]lnkmf]g
lgud lnld6]8, 6]lnsd sG;N6]G6 ckm Ol08of lnld6]8 / ljb]z ;~rf/ lgud
lnld6]8sf] qmdzM @^=^*, @^=^^ / @^=^^ k|ltzt z]o/ 5 . g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 $ cS6f]a/ @))@ df Ohfht kfPsf] o'6LPnn]
!) ;]K6]Da/ @))# b]lv ;]jf z'? u/]sf] xf] . pkTosfsf tLg zx/x¿
sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ tyf glhssf uflj;x¿df o'6LPnsf
#) xhf/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ePsf 5g\ . kfFr nfv nfOg Ifdtf
ePsf] o'6LPnn] cfufdL tLg jif{df kf]v/f, jL/u~h, e/tk'/, a'6jn,
e}/xjf, lj/f6gu/, w/fg, O6x/L, ljtf{df]8, x]6f}F8f / g]kfnu~hdf
;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ ePsf] o;sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t Pg=cf/= d'vl/jfnf
atfpF5g\ .
o'6LPnsf] ;]jf lng rfxg]x¿n] sDkgLn] pknAw
u/fpg] kmf]g ;]6sf] nflu k};f lt5{g\, kmf]g h8fg u/]afkt cnUu} s'g}
z'Ns ltb}{gg\ . sDkgLn] u|fxssf] /f]hfO cg';f/ qmdzM ?=!#!^(
/ ?=!%#^( df sf]l/og sDkgL PnhLsf] b'O{ j6f df]8nx¿ …PnP;6L
@%))Ú / …PnP;kL #)))Ú pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
z'?df ?=$($( a'‰fPkl5 ;]6;lxt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg kfOG5 eg] afFsL
/sd !^ ls:tfdf ltg{ ;lsG5 . ls:tf /sddf s'g} Aofh gnfUg] k|d'v
sfo{sf/L clws[t d'v/Ljfnf atfpF5g\ .
d'vl/jfnf |
6]lnkmf]g ;~rfngsf nflu o'6LPnn] sf7df8f}F, k'tnL;8sdf
df:6/ :jLlrª ;]G6/ -PdP;;L_ / j]; :jLlrª ;]G6/ -aLP;;L_
tyf pkTosfsf ljleGg @% 7fpFx¿df a]; 6«fG;ld6/ :6];gx¿
-aL6LP;_ /fv]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]gn] /fd|f];Fu sfd ug{ PdP;;L /
aL6LP;aLrsf] nfOg ckm ;fO6 lSno/ x'g'kb{5 . u'0f:t/sf nflu
;]jf ;'wf/ ub}{ nluPsf] / 6fj/d} d]l;g /fv]/ …Osf]Ú
cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/Psf] o'6LPnsf] bfaL 5 .
…jfo/n]; Og nf]sn n'kÚ cyf{t\ …8An"PnPn
;L8LPdP @))! PS;Ú eGg] k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t o'6LPnsf] ;]jf jiff{–xfjfx'/Ln]
c;/ gug]{ / e/kbf]{ /x]sf] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5 . o'l6Pnsf] kmf]g
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;lhn} ;fg{ ;lsg], l56f] kfOg], ;:tf] dd{t ;]jfsf
sf/0f pkTosfdf 8]/f u/L a:g]x¿aLr nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 .
skf]{/]6 xfp; / 7"nf÷;fgf Jofkf/Lb]lv kfg k;nx¿df
;d]t o'6LPnn] cfˆgf] /fd|f] ahf/ agfPsf] 5 .
lghL If]qaf6 5'§} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lbO/fv]sf]
ePklg o'6LPnnfO{ cfˆgf] z'Ns ;/sf/L nufgLsf] g]kfn 6]lnsds}
a/fa/Ldf /fVg nufOPsf] 5 . hflgkmsf/x¿ o'6LPnsf] ;]jfaf6
6]lnsdsf] ahf/ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] eon] g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fn] o;f] ug{ nufPsf] atfpF5g\ . of] Joj:yfnfO{ v'nf
ahf/ cy{tGqsf] k|lts"n eGb} o'6LPnsf Ps clwsf/L o;f] ug{ geg]sf]
eP clxn]sf] eGbf ;:tf]df ;]jf lbg ;lsg] atfpF5g\ .
ef/tLo df]afOnsf] laulauL
/fd]Zj/ |
;ª\Vof / :yfg cg';f/ g]kfnL df]afOn hlt lj:tf/
x'Fb}5, Tolt g} g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf ef/tLo df]afOnsf] k|of]u a9\g
yfn]sf] 5 . ef/tsf] nf]sn b/d} ef/tel/ / pt}sf] d"Nodf
c¿ b]zdf cfO{P;8L ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] ePsf sf/0f ;LdfjtL{ k|d'v
zx/x¿ lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, dx]Gb|gu/
nufotsf :yfgx¿df o;sf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf
ef/L j[l4 ePsf] xf] . Ps jif{b]lv ef/tLo ;~rf/ lgud lnld6]8
-aLP;PgPn_ sf] df]afOn k|of]u ul//x]sf g]kfnu~h d]l8sn sn]hsf PdaLaLP;
t];|f] jif{sf ljBfyL{ sfGxf cu|jfn eG5g\, ænf]sn sndf ef/tel/
s'/f ug{ kfOG5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] kfl/lbPsf] 5 .Æ
tLg;o ljBfyL{, *) k|fWofks÷lrlsT;s / clwsf+z
sd{rf/L ef/tLo /x]sf g]kfnu~h d]l8sn sn]hsf] 5tdf a;]/ ef/tLo df]afOn
k|of]u ug]{x¿ k|z:t} b]lvG5g\ . 5tsf] Ps5]pdf ef/tsf]
df]afOn ;]jf Sofr ug{;Sg] b'O{–tLg j6f ;–;fgf PG6]gf
/flvPsf] 5 . lr;fkfgL d]l8sn sn]h / sf]xnk'/ c:ktfn;Fu ;Da4
JolQmx¿sf ;fy} zx/sf 7"nf7"nf Jofkf/L tyf ef/tdf
a/f]a/ ;Dks{ ul//xg'kg]{x¿n] ef/tLo df]afOnsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . g]kfnu~hl:yt s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+rf/ s]Gb| -kL;Lcf]_ n] klg
Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] g]kfnu~hdf 8]9 jif{cl3 df]]afOn ;]jf
z'? u/]sf] xf] . clxn];Dd of] zx/df 6]lnsdsf] Ps xhf/ df]afOn
ljt/0f ePsf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] :yfgLo sfof{no k|d'v gfdfs/0f Gof}kfg]sf
cg';f/, g]kfnu~hdf ef/tLo df]afOn kmf]gsf] ;ª\Vof !% ;oeGbf
a9L 5 . aLP;PgPnn] Ps jif{otf pQ/ k|b]zsf] ax/fOr lhNnfdf df]afOn
;]jf z'? u/]kl5 ;LdfjtL{ ?k}l8ofaf6 l/rfh{ sf8{ NofP/ Totfsf] df]afOn
k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] xf] .
Pp6f b]zsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cglws[t ¿kaf6
csf]{ b]zdf k|of]u ug'{ u}/sfg'gL xf] . cg'dltljgf ef/tLo sDkgLsf]
df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfngaf6 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o 9's'6Ldf s/f]8f}Fsf]
/fh:j u'ld/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnu~hdf dfq} k|of]u eO/x]sf !% ;o ef/tLo
df]afOnaf6 dfl;s ?=$% nfveGbf a9L 3f6f eO/x]sf] 6]lnsdsf] cg'dfg
5 . 6]lnsdsf g]kfnu~h sfof{no k|d'v Gof}kfg] ef/tLo df]afOn
k|of]u ug]{x¿dfly sfg"gL sf/afxL x'g] atfpF5g\ .
t/ @) dª\l;/, @)^! df t/fO{sf zx/x¿df ef/tLo df]afOnsf]
k|of]u tTsfn aGb ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ug]{ afx]s 6]lnsdn]
c¿ s]xL u/]sf] 5}g .
/fh:j r'xfj6;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] o;df /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefu, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] klg sf/afxL
ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ ;DalGwt sfof{nosf k|d'vx¿ cfkm"x¿nfO{
o;af/] s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf] atfpF5g\ . k|lhc l8NnL/fh hf]zL
eG5g\, æof] b"/;+rf/sf] sfd xf], d]/f] If]qflwsf/ leq
kb}{g .Æ
/fd]Zj/ af]x/f |
