• 8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

lj1fg–ljrf/÷km"nkftL

;+:s[ltdf n's]sf] ;Dkbf

æx6\of] ;f/f lxnf]d}nf] x/fof] kfgLsf] jiff{ .
ejfgLsf] eof] k"hf rNof] cfgGbsf] jiff{ . .Æ
— sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn

ls/0f kf08]

uf]/vfaf6 NofPsf] km"nkftL a;Gtk'/ b/af/ leœofOFb} .

bz}F cfpF5, bz}F hfG5 . Ct'sf] x]/km]/df o:tf] rqm rln/xG5, t/ To;sf] ;fydf cfpg] xfd|f rf8–kj{;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fnfO{ kl/:s[t t'NofpFb} hfg' x/]s k':tfsf] st{Jo x'G5 . k'/fgf] ;+:sf/nfO{ jt{dfg r]tgfsf] s;Ldf 3f]6]/, a'‰]/ Jojxf/df Nofpgfn] ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ x'G5, To;sf] ljsf; x'G5 / Tof] kl/:s[t x'G5 . ;+:sf/nfO{ ga'‰L, glrgL olts} k5\ofO/xg ;lsGg . k'vf{sf] ljZjf;nfO{ cGwljZjf;df kl/0ft ug]{ d"n tTj c1fgtf xf] / c1fgtfsf] h8 a]jf:tfdf n's]sf] x'G5 . …cfof] bz}F 9f]n ahfO{, uof] bz}F C0f af]sfO{Ú egL k5'tf] ug'{ ;+:s[lt x}g, ljs[lt xf] .

xfd|f] ;+:s[ltdf w]/} s[ltsf s'/fx¿ 5g\ . jt{dfgdf ljZj rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] s'/fnfO{ bz}Fsf] kl/k|]Iodf sf]6\ofpFbf xfd|f] ;+:sf/ slt kl/:s[t / ;DkGg 5 eGg] phfu/ x'G5 . Pl;of dxfåLksf] s[lif ;Eotf / cfo'j]{lbs k4ltsf] pRr 5ljnfO{ bz}Fsf] km"nkftLdf leœofOg]÷k"lhg] hfthftsf jg:klt / kftLn] phfu/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ kfng ug{ clu|d e"ldsf v]Ng] wfg, hut sNof0fsf/L kmn s]/f, ;j{ lxtsf/L a];f/, ;a}sf] lrQ cfsif{0f ug]{ hoGtL / czf]s j[Ifsf] km"n, u'0fL kmn a]n tyf bfl/d, ;'ulGwt sGb xn]bf] tyf kf}li6s tTjo'Qm dfg]ss{nf] ;d]tsf gf} y/L jg:klt gjb'uf{nfO{ r9fP/ bz}F dgfOG5 . oL jg:kltsf u'0f, :j?k / :jefjnfO{ a'‰]/ cfˆgf] k/Dk/f wfGg ;Sof}F eg] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt ;do;fk]If x'G5 . /Ù ;+:s[lt;Fu} ;Dkbfsf] klg ;+/If0f x'G5 . oxfF xfdL km"nkftL leœofpFbf k|of]u x'g] jg:kltaf/] s]xL hfgsf/L ;FufNg] k|oTg ub}{5f}F .

s]/fM nf6f]nfO{ klg s]/f, af7f]nfO{ klg s]/f, xfQLnfO{ klg s]/f / afFb/nfO{ klg s]/f Û ;a} k|f0fLsf] lk|o kmn s]/fsf] cfh !@) eGbf a9L /fi6«df v]tL x'G5 . ;+;f/df k|To]s jif{ laqmL x'g] s]/fsf sf]zf Pskl5 csf]{ hf]8\b} uof}F eg] of] k[YjLsf] !$)) kmGsf] dfg{ k'Ub5 . s]/fsf] d'Vo pBf]u blIf0f cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿n] s'DnfPsf 5g\ . sltko clk|msL b]zx¿df t xfd|f] eftsf] :yfg g} s]/fn] cf]u6\b} cfPsf] 5 . t/ s]/fsf] pb\ud:yn eg] Pl;of xf] . g]kfndf dfnef]u, d'u|], ‰'k|] cflb y'k|} yl/sf s]/f kfOG5g\, t/ ltgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ rflxF afFsL g} 5 . xfd|f sltko hËnL s]/fdf c‰ klg aLp nfU5 . aLp nfUg] s]/f ljZjdf b'n{e x'Fb}5 . s]/fsf] j+z ljsf; ug'{kbf{ To;sf] aLp g} cfjZos x'G5 . h}ljs k|ljlw -l6:o" sNr/_ af6 g]kfnn] klg s]/fv]tL ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfly{s nfe lgZro g} a9\5, t/ hËnL s]/fsf] dxŒjnfO{ cfh 7Dofpg ;lsPg eg] ljZjn] g} k5'tfpg] lbg gcfpnf eGg ;lsFb}gÙ lsgeg] aLp nfUg] hËnL s]/fsf] >f]t b'n{e x'Fb}5 .

g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ;u'g / dËn;"rssf] ¿kdf s]/f ;j{JofkL 5 . o1xf]dsf] d08k xf];\ jf ;fdfGo :jfutåf/– ToxfF s]/fsf] af]6 x'G5 . ck'Ëf] xf];\ jf lkt[nfO{ ck{0f ug]{ lk08 ToxfF s]/f cjZo x'G5 . dxfci6dLsf] ef]hdf sf7df8f}Fsf g]jf/x¿ s]/fsf] kftdf Ps s'?jf lrp/fsf] ef]h vfG5g\ . s]/fsf] dxŒj / ;+:s[ltsf] h8 ga'´g] xf] eg] oL k/Dk/fx¿ cGwljZjf;sf] kf]N6f]df y'k|g k'U5g\ .

bfl/dM klZrd Pl;of bfl/dsf] pb\ud:yn xf] . g]kfnsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] blIf0fL e]sdf e]/L gbLsf] dlnnf] kmfF6df bfl/d jgdf ;d]t kfOG5 . e"dWo;fu/Lo kl/j]zsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] of] If]qdf bfl/dsf cltl/Qm hËnL h}t'g -cf]lne_ klg e]l6Psf] 5 . bfl/dsf] kmnnfO{ cgf/ klg eGg] rng 5 . cgf/sf] :jfb / u'0f b'j} ?lrs/ x'G5 . lj/fdLaf6 lzlyn ePsf] z/L/nfO{ b'?:t kfg{ cgf/sf] /; Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 .

b'uf{ ;KtdL cyf{t\ km"nkftLsf lbg gjklqsf k|j]z k"hf ubf{ >L /Qmrl08sf sfnLsf] gfdn] bz}Fdf bfl8dsf] k"hf x'G5 . æcgf/ bfgf bfFtsf nx/ vf]n]/ xfF;gÆ eGg] kBf+z ;D‰Fbf /QmaLhsf] jw ubf{ dftfsfnLsf /ftf bfFtsf] nx/nfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ cgf/sf] j0f{g k"/f x'G5 .

wfgM wfgnfO{ wgsf] k|tLs dflgG5 . c;f/] jiff{sf] kfgL yfk]/ /f]k]sf] wfg ‰'Ng yfn]kl5 bz}Fsf] rxnkxn z'? x'G5 . ;Ltfsf] hGd:yn hgsk'/b]lv rGbggfysf] jf;:yfg h'Dnf;Dd wfg nIdLsf] ¿kdf k"lhG5 . h'DnL df;L{ ljZjdf ;jf]{Rr 7fpF -@&)) ld6/_ df kmNg] wfgsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . o; wfgsf] /f]kfOFsf] a]nf r}tsf] !@ ut];Dd 3/ gkms]{sf] h'DnLnfO{ d/]sf] 7fGg] rng w]/} k'/fgf] ePsf] 5}g . o;/L g]kfnL ;+:sf/df wfgsf] cTolws dxŒj / k|of]u l;4 x'G5 . t]QL;sf]l6 b]jb]jLsf] k"hf ug]{ cIftf rfdn g} xf] . oxL cIftfnfO{ lz/df yfk]/ ljhofbzdLsf] 6Lsf dgfOG5 . bxL, cIftf / cla/sf] 6Lsf yfk]/ dfq z'e ;fOtsf] sfd x'G5 .

wfgsf] pb\ud:yn klg Pl;of xf] . ljZjdf vkt x'g] ^) k|ltzt eGbf a9L vfBkbfy{, wfg, ux'F / ds}af6 k|fKt x'G5 . oL tLg j6} jg:klt …u|fldgLÚ (graminae) gfds 3fF;kl/jf/sf x'g\ . To;}n] o; kl/jf/leqsf] ljljwtf 36\g' jf nf]k x'g' vt/fsf] ;Í]t xf] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zdf #),))) eGbf a9L y/Lsf wfg kmNg] kmnfpg] k/Dk/f lyof] eGg] clen]v /x]sf] 5 . t/ cfh o; If]qsf] &%Ü wfgjfnL s]jn !) y/L -e]/fO6L_ sf aLpdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . wfgsf hflt k|hfltaf/] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf j}1flgsx¿n] g]kfn leq} klg @))) -b'O{ xhf/_ y/Lsf wfg ljBdfg /x]sf] cfFs8f cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . sf:sLsf] Ps} ufpFdf hft hftsf &) y/Lsf wfg kmNg] tYo 8f= dw';"bg pkfWofo, 8f= aL=aL= zfxL, 8f= 1fgnfn >]i7 / cGo j}1flgsx¿sf] vf]haf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . v]tL ul/g] wfgsf cltl/Qm hËnL wfgsf rf/ hft klg g]kfnsf ljleGg l;d;f/df kfOG5g\, t/ To:tf If]q cfh cltqmd0fsf] rk]6f]df k/]sf 5g\ . a]ugf; tfn, -sf:sL_, clhu/f tfn -?kGb]xL_ / a'na'n]tfn -;'v]{t_ sf hËnL wfg slt;Dd ;'/lIft /xnfg\ < Tof] cfFSg] cj:yf 5}g . h] xf];\ wfgnfO{ xfdL g]kfnLx¿ ;a} wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf wgsf] k|tLs dfG5f}F . bz}Fdf t o;sf] c‰ ljlzi6 :yfg 5– wfGo] nIdLd\ k"ho]t\ .

a];f/M g]kfndf Jofks of] a'6L klg km"nkftLsf] Ps ;fdu|L xf] . of] jg:kltsf] pb\ud / u'0fsf] klxrfg blIf0f Pl;ofdf ePsf] xf] . To;}n] a];f/sf] cf}iflw o'Qm u'0fdf cd]l/sL Psflwsf/ ug]{ k|of;nfO{ ef/tn] r'gf}tL lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u cflb cgflbsfnb]lv o; If]qdf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lagf a];f/sf] ksjfg vNnf] x'G5 . o;df 3fpvl6/fnfO{ kfSg glbg] …PlG6;]lK6sÚ u'0f x'G5 . g]kfnL lg3G6'df a];f/ /Qm bf]if, s'i7, k|d]x -wft'/f]u_, a|0f -3fpvl6/f_, zf]y -;'lGgPsf]_, lkgf;, c?lr, ckr, df]x / s08" -lrnfpg]_ /f]udf pkof]uL 5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . oL u'0fx¿sf] sf/0fn] g} o;n] g]kfnL hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]sf] xf] . o;}n] a];f/ / a];f/;Fu ;DalGwt xfd|f] af}l4s clwsf/ -OG6]n]SRo"cn k|k6L{ /fO6\;_ sfod ug{df xfd|f] ;+:s[ltn] 7"nf] an k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . a];f/sf] kft b]jLsf] kfpdf r9fP/ dfq xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts ;+:sf/ k'/f x'Fb}g . k|of]ufTds ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;tkm{ klg Wofg lbg' ;dosf] dfu xf] .

ss{nf]M xfQLsf sfg hqf 7"N7"nf kft x'g] of] ss{nf] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ lxdfnL 3fFrsf] jg hËnsf] cf;kf;df kfOG5 . clgsfn kbf{ o:tf sGbd"n klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] x]t'n] xfd|f] rf8–kj{df lu7\7f, Eofs'/, t?n cflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . rf8kj{df logsf] k|of]u u/]gf}F eg] ef]ln To:t} kbf{ logsf] af;:yfg sxfF 5, lognfO{ s;/L lrGg] / s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ljlw klg xfdL;Fu /xFb}g . lkF8fn'–ss{nf]df 3fF6L sf]Sofpg] /f;folgs dl0fx¿ -lqmi6n_ x'G5g\ . ;+:s[tdf o;sf] gfd …df0fsÚ oxL tŒjsf] sf/0f kg{ uPsf] x'g;S5 . Tof] tŒjnfO{ kufNg] w]/} ljlw 5g\ . o;sf] cf}ifwLo k|of]u af/] /Qm, lkQdf lxtsf/L 5 eGg] pNn]v kfpFb5f}F .

xn]bf]M …sr{/s] sflnsfdÚ eg]/ sr"{/ cyf{t\ xn]bf]sf] kft sfnLnfO{ r9fOG5 . o;sf] kft klg ‰§ x]bf{ cb'jf;Fu ldNb5, t/ xn]bf]sf] ufgf] ;]tf] x'G5 . leqL efu Hofb} jf:gfo'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] cQ/ tyf ;'uGwsf cGo k|sf/x¿ agfpg o;sf] k|of]u x'G5 . oxL uGws} sf/0f x'g;S5 …xn]bf] eg]kl5 sf]6\ofO/xg' kb}{gÚ eGg] syg :yflkt ePsf] . 3/fo;L ¿kdf klg o;sf] ufgf]sf] n]k nufpg] rng 5 . o;sf] kL7f]df /ftf] /+u ld;fP/ ;'dw'/ 6Lsf agfpg ;lsG5, t/ s[lqd cyf{t\ l;Gy]l6s cla/n] ubf{ xn]bf] of sr"{/sf] cla/ ahf/af6 lj:yflkt ePsf] 5 .

czf]sM zf]sx/0f ug]{ b]jL …zf]s/lxtfoÚsf] k"hfdf o;sf] k|of]u x'G5 . ;fgf] sbsf] j[Ifsf] ¿kdf km:6fpg] of] jg:kltdf lrQfsif{s uf9f /ftf] km"n km'Nb5 . elgG5, kfph' nufPsL :qLsf] k}tfnfn] of] j[If 5f]Pdf o;sf] km"n kmqmG5 . ;LtfhLnfO{ /fj0fn] x/]/ czf]s afl6sfdf /fv]sf] k|;Ë /fdfo0fdf v'Nb5 . To:t} a'4 hGd]sf a]nf dfofb]jLsf] xftdf oxL j[Ifsf] xfFuf lyof] eGg] n'lDagLsf] d"lt{n] b]vfpF5 . czf]s j[If lxdfnL s5f8df w]/yf]/ kfOG5 . o;sf] k|r'/tf eg] blIf0f ef/t / >LnÍfsfsf] jgdf g} km]nf kb{5 . o;sf kmn, km"n, aLp / af]qmf ;a} yf]s g} cg]sf}F cf}ifwf]krf/df k|of]u x'G5g\ . czf]ssf] af]qmf cfpF kbf{, cN;/ x'Fbf / kf7]3/sf /f]uflwdf ljz]if u/]/ k|of]u ul/G5 .

czf]s km"nsf] ;Ddf]xgzLn k|s[ltnfO{ lnP/ sfdb]jsf] kfFr af0fdf o;sf] klg k|of]u ePsf] k|;+u kfpFb5f}F . h] ePtfklg zf]s/lxt cj:yf l;h{gf ug{df czf]ssf] j0f{g bz}Fsf] nflu plrt x'G5 .

hoGtLM of] Ps jg:klt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;nfO{ hoGtL afx]s hof, ljhof / ck/flhtf h:tf b'uf{sf ljleGg gfdn] ;d]t ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . ;fgf]–dl;gf] cfs[ltsf] of] jg:kltsf] km"n lgofn]/ x]bf{ kx]Fnf] km"ndf /ftf l56fx¿ 5l/Psf b]lvG5g\ . hoGtLsf] af]6 8]9 ld6/;Dd cUnf] x'G5 / kftx¿ cdnfsf kft‰}F ;–;fgf x'G5g\ . of] sf];] jg:kltdf kb{5 . 9}Frfsf gfdn] s[lif pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;a} jg:klt hoGtLs} ju{df kb{5g\ . hoGtLsf] aLp pQ]hgf Nofpg] cf}iflw agfpgdf k|of]u x'G5 . g]kfnL lg3G6' cg';f/ holGtn] jfo' / unu08 /f]unfO{ x6fpFb5Ù s07 z'4 u/fpF5 .

a]nM a]nsf] wfld{s, cfo'j]{lbs Pj+ jftfj/0fLo dxŒj ga'´bf æsf}jfnfO{ a]n kfSof] xif{ g lj:dftÆ h:tf pvfg6'Ssf hGdG5g\ . lzjsf] k"hf / cf/wgfdf k|of]u x'g] a]nkq gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] gjf}F zlQm ¿knfO{ gf} lsl;dsf kq ck{0f ubf{ cTolws dxŒjsf] jg:klt dflgG5 . g]kfnsf g]jf/ ;d'bfo cfˆgf sGofsf] ;a}eGbf klxn] a]n;Fu ljjfx ul/lbg] ;+:s[lt ljz]if pNn]vgLo 5 .
a]nkmnsf] u'bLaf6 708f ;j{t aGb5 / o;nfO{ :jf:Yojw{s dflgG5 . kmnsf] sf7]af]qmfaf6 k|fs[lts /+u k|fKt x'G5 . a]n dw]z, t/fO{ / r'/]sf hËndf oqtq kfOG5 t/ o;sf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg k'Ug;s]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{ d7–dlGb/sf] xftfdf /f]Kg] rng eg] cWofjlw sfod 5 .

cflZjg z'Sn ;KtdL cyf{t\ km"nkftLsf] lbg gjklqsf k|j]z k"hf pk/f]Qm gf} lsl;dsf jg:klt ;a} xfd|f /}yfg] lj?jf x'g\ / Pl;of dxfåLksf] jf:tljs ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf lognfO{ rog ug{ ;lsG5 . oL jg:kltnfO{ cGo jg:klt‰}F s]jn k|s[ltsf] j/bfgsf ¿kdf dfq glnO{ k|s[lt / dfgj;Eotfsf] ;+o'Qm k|tLssf ¿kdf ;d]t a'´g' cfjZos x'G5 . oxL qmddf bz}Fsf] hd/f /fVg] hf}FnfO{ dfgj;Eotfsf] Oltxf;n] k5\ofpg] xf] eg] dfgjhfltn] ;aeGbf klxn] v]tL ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] cGg hf}F xf] eGg] tYo v'Ng cfpFb5 . dflg;n] v]tL ug{yfn]sf] !) xhf/ jif{ eof] eGg] j}1flgs cwf/x¿ 5g\ / ltgdf ld>sf pTvgg\af6 %–& xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf hf}Fsf cjz]ifx¿ e]§fOPsf 5g\ . dfgj dfqn] ;aeGbf klxn] v]tL u/]sf] of] cGg s;/L xfd|f] hd/f;Dd cfOk'Uof] eGg] cWoogsf] /fd|f] ljifo x'g;S5 .

cGTodf, xfd|f k|To]s rf8kj{n] xfd|f] ;fd' g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljzfn ;Dkbf k:sg] ub{5g\ . s[lif / cf}ifwf]krf/sf k/Dk/fut 1fg af}l4s ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'G5g\ . ltgsf cltl/Qm g[To, ;ËLt, d"lt{snf, jf:t'snfnufot cg]sf}F d"t{ ;Dkbfx¿ klg ;+:s[lt;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ .

olb xfdLn] xfd|} wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fdf xfd|f] d"n ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] xfdL cfkm} ljs[ltsf] lzsf/ aGg k'Ub5f}F . To;}n] cfhsf] k':tf cfˆgf 5f]/f–5f]/L / ;GtfgnfO{ cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltk|lt cgle1 g/fvL pgLx¿sf] lzIff–bLIffdf cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd xf];\ .

;a}df bz}Fsf] z'esfdgf Û