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cfjlws hgdt ;j]{If0f / cg';Gwfg÷vf]hnfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] cleGg cË agfpFb} hfg] k|of;sf] yfngL lxdfn va/klqsf n] cfˆgf] k|f/Desfn, ^ jif{cl3 g} z'? u/]sf] xf] . o; cjlwdf rf/ j6f cfd–;j]{If0fsf] kl/0ffd kf7s;fd' k|:t't eO;s]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf tLg j6f ;j]{If0fx¿ b]zJofkL lyP . lglZrt k4lt / j}1flgs dfkb08 ckgfP/ ul/g] o;vfnsf ;j]{If0fx¿ b]zsf ;a} e"–efudf Pp6} ;dofjlw leq ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . b]zsf ljleGg efudf kfn}kfnf] h:tf] x'g yfn]sf aGb, / gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f b]zJofkL ;j]{If0f ug{ o;k6s ;Dej ePgÙ To;} eP/ xfdLn] b]zsf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltlglwTj x'g] :yfg, /fhwfgL ;d]t /x]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{ /f]Hof}F .

/fli6«o dxŒj / Jofkstf ePsf ;jfndf /fhwfgLaf;Lx¿sf] /fodf lge{/ /xg] xfd|f] lg0f{osf yk cfwf/– /fHosf] gLlt–lgdf{0f txdf k|efj kfg]{ x}l;ot ePsf g]tf, ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L, pBdL, Jofkf/L, kqsf/, ;fdflhs cu'jf, hfGg]–;'Gg], x'g]–vfg] cflb k|foM ;a} h;f] oxL pkTosfd} a:g] u/]sf]Ù lhNnf–If]qdf vl6Psf k|zf;g, cbfnt / ;'/Iff k|d'vx¿n] x/]s ;fgf–7"nf lg0f{osf nflu sf7df8f}Fsf] d'v tfSg] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf]Ù / /fHo jf ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfzk|fKt dGqL, ;f+;b, GofofwLz, ;]gf–k|x/Lsf jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿dWo] k|foM ;a} g} sf7df8f}Fdf a:g] / df]km;ndf ckjfb dfq e]l6g] u/]sf s'/fx¿ x'g\ . o:tf] l:yltdf sf7df8f}F–pkTosfsf afl;Gbfsf] dt ;Íng ubf{ jt{dfg lx+;f / åGåsf] ;Gbe{df l;Ëf] d'n'ss} cfjfh k|ltWjlgt x'g;Sg] xfd|f] 7DofO /Xof] .

oyfy{dfÙ zf;g, /fhgLlt / ljsf;sf b[li6n] b]z ‰g\‰g\ sf7df8f}Fs]lGb|t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ jf ;Qf t /fhwfgLd'vL lyof] g}, cfd hgtfsf] gfpFdf /fhgLlt ug]{ k|ltkIfL kf6L{ / ltgsf g]tf Pj+ cu'jf sfo{stf{x¿sf] 7"nf] hdft klg oxL pkTosfd} e]l6G5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf b[li6n] t /fhwfgL;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cfof]hgf afx]s ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf c¿ kg}{ 5f]8]sf] b]lvG5 . åGå rs{Fb} hfFbf df]km;nsf s}of}F dxŒjk"0f{ ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ :ylut ePsf] 5 .

clxn] ;/sf/L k|fyldstfdf k/]sf ;a} h;f] 7"nf lgdf{0f cfof]hgfx¿ -‰08} ?=$) ca{sf] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfÙ !@–!% ca{ vr{ nfUg] t/fO{ hf]8\g] j}slNks ;8sÙ *–!) ca{ nfUg] aflx/L rqmky_ sf7df8f}F pkTosfs} ;'ljwfj[l4sf nflu dfq 5g\ . ck]Iffs[t 6f9f /x]sf] dWod:of{ª\bL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ :ylut x'Fbf sf7df8f}Fdf k}bf x'g] 56k6Lsf] sf/0f klg s]xL jif{kl5 /fhwfgLdf nf]8;]l8ª x'g] lrGtf g} xf] .

of] ;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zo sf7df8f}F pkTosfn] kfO/x]sf] o; lsl;dsf] c;dfg'kflts / cTolws dxŒj, cfsif{0f / ;'ljwfsf] k[i7e"lddf afFsL b]zk|ltsf] p;sf] bfloTj ;D‰fpg' klg xf] . ;j]{If0fsf] d"n d'2f jf k|Zg …s] ;f]Rb}5 sf7df8f}F <Ú eGg] lyof] .

;j]{If0f pkTosfsf tLg lhNnf sf7df8f}F, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/df s]lGb|t 5 . ;j]{If0f k|of]hgsf nflu pkTosfnfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof]M k'/fgf] a:tL, gofF a:tL / u|fdL0f a:tL . oL If]qsf !^% :yfgdf k'u]/ k|Zgstf{x¿n] ;j]{If0f u/]sf lyP . k|To]s :yfgdf !& hgf pQ/bftfx¿sf] cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] lyof], h;dWo] $) k|ltzt dlxnf / ^) k|ltzt k'?if lyP . k'/fgf] a:tLdf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] afx'No ePsf If]qx¿ 5gf}6 ul/Psf lyP . g]jf/ ;d'bfoleq klg ljljwtf ePsf] h:t} Xo"dt 6f]n / c;g cflbaf6 k|ltlglwd"ns gd"gf ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . gu/ If]qdf 3f]lift gu/ If]q / k|zf;lgs ¿kdf uflj; eP klg 7"nf] cg'kftdf gofF a:tL a;]sf If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qcGtu{t k/Dk/fut s[lifdf cfl>t ufpFx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

gd"gf ;Íng k|To]s If]qsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;j]{If0fsf] cfsf/ cyf{t\ pQ/bftfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof #,#!@ xf] . pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ tLg pd]/ ;d"x -!^–#), #!–$% / $^ jif{eGbf dfly_ df afFl8Psf] lyof] . h;df !^–#) pd]/ ;d"xaf6 #) k|ltztÙ #!–$% pd]/ ;d"xaf6 $) k|ltzt / $^ jif{eGbf dflysf] ;d"xsf #) k|ltzt pQ/bftf lyP . b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofdf !^–#) pd]/ ;d"xsf] afx'No eP klg kl/kSj ljrf/ eg] cGo b'O{ ;d"xsf] a9L x'g cfpF5 . o; ;j]{If0fdf hDdf #) j6f k|Zgx¿ ;dflji6 lyP .

;j]{If0f cyf{t\ :ynut dt ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ !& b]lv @! c;f]h @)^! sf kfFr lbgdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] . o;lglDt #^ hgf u0fsx¿ b}lgs !) 306f kl/rflnt ul/Psf lyP . u0fsx¿nfO{ :ynut ;j]{If0fdf hfg'cl3 k|ZgfjnL cWoog ug{, a'´g / cEof; ug{ ;Da4 lj1åf/f cf7 306f nfdf] cled'vLs/0f sIff ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f, k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0fdf /fhgLltzf:qL xl/ zdf{, ;dfhzf:qL 8f= ;f}efUo zfx, ;j]{If0fljb\ gjLg ;'j]bL / lx/0o a/fn ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] .

o; ;j]{If0fdf b]zsf sltko ;+j]bgzLn ljifo / kIfx¿sf af/]df klg k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . To:tf k|Zgdf sltko pQ/bftfx¿n] v'n]/ cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg grfx]sf], dWodfuL{ jf pDsg] vfnsf pQ/ lbPsf] cg'ej xfdLnfO{ ePsf] 5 . k|To]s pQ/bftfx¿sf] !%–@) ldg]6 dfq ;do lnOPsf] lyof] . x/]s pQ/bftf;Fu ljtfPsf] ;doÙ k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ k|of]u ePsf zAb tyf jfSon] :jfefljs ¿kdf k|s6 ug]{ zt{ cyf{t\ k"jf{u|xsf sf/0fn] hjfkmsf] z'4tfdf s]xL k|ltzt tndfly k/]sf] x'g;Sg] tYonfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/]sf 5f}F .