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lj1fg–ljrf/

Pp6} /utÙ a]Un} ljrf/

dfG5] ;a} Pp6} /utsf, ljrf/ lsg a]Unf a]Un} <
;asf] Pp6} O{Zj/ xf], t/ d"lt{ lsg a]Unf a]Un} <

c?0ff nfdfsf] sf]lsns07af6 5'6]sf oL uLtsf u]8fx¿df uLtsf/ z/0f k|wfgn] hLjlj1fgsf cfwf/e"t tLg j6f l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6]]sf 5g\ . …h:tfn] To:t} hGdfpF5Ú eGg] Pp6f k|fs[lts l;4fGt xf] . ljZjsf nueu ^ ca{ dflg;dWo] ;a}sf] ;a};Fu k|hgg\ lqmof x'g;S5 / ltgaf6 dfG5] g} hGdG5g\ . uf]/f, ux'F uf]/f, sfnf jf cGo j0f{sf dflg;x¿ ;a}sf aLrdf j0f{zÍ/ k|hgg\ -qm; la|l8Ë_ x'g ;S5 . lj1fgsf] b[li6df leGg /+u, ?k / :jefjsf ;a} dflg; Ps} k|hflt leq kb{5g\ . To;nfO{ j}1flgs efiffdf xf]df] ;flkoG; (Homo sapiens) elgG5 . Nofl6g efiffsf] zAb xf]df] n] ;a} k|sf/sf dfgjhfltnfO{ hgfpF5, h;df k|fu\ P]ltxfl;s sfnsf dfgj hflt (Homo erectus; Homo habitis) ;d]t k5{g\ . jt{dfg dfgjnfO{ OlËt ug]{ csf]{ Nofl6g zAb ;flkoG; n] a'l4dfg cyf{t\ ljsl;t a'l4 ePsf] eGg] a'‰fpFb5 . o;/L xf]df] ;flkoG; cyf{t\ dfgj k|hfltsf k|f0fL a'l4o'Qm x'g}kg]{ clgjfo{tf o; j}1flgs ;+1fn] af]s]sf] 5 . /ut p:t} ePsf] cfwf/df ;a} dflg;sf] a'l4 ljrf/ / Ifdtf klg ;dfg x'g'kg]{ nfU5, t/ To:tf] x'Fb}g .

;+;f/e/sf sfnf–uf]/fÙ k'8\sf–cUnf, wgL–u/La ;a} dfG5]n] dfG5] g} hGdfpFb5g\ h;/L xfQLn] xfQL / d';fn] d';f hGdfpF5g\ . x/]s k|f0fLsf] k|hftLo d"n wd{ klg oxL xf] . of] k|fs[lts l;4fGtnfO{ gf3]/ dflg;n] uwf / 3f]8L aLr k|hgg\ u/fP/ vRr/ hGdfpg afWo u/fPsf] klg 5 . uwfh:tf] ef/L af]Sg] / 3f]8f h:tf] s'b\g] eP tfklg vRr/n] cfkm" h:t} ;Gtfg hGdfpg ;Qm}g . of] k|f0fL :jefj}n] gk'+;s / afF‰f] x'G5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] kmfObfsf lglDt o:tf] k|hgg\ljlw -qm; la|8_ sf] k|of]u u/]/ y'k|} k|sf/sf gofF–gofF cGgafnL jf kz' k}bf u/]sf] 5 . of] k|;Ëdf g]kfnsf] n]sdf kfOg] rf}+/LufO{sf] ljz]if rrf{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . of] g]kfnL k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] Ps df}lns pknlAw xf] . rf}+/LufO{ klg vRr/ h:t} j0f{zÍ/ k|f0fL xf]Ù o;sf] 5'§} k|hftLo cl:tTj 5}g . rf}+/LufO{n] aRrf t hGdfpFb5 t/ Tof] aRrf jfNofj:yfdf g} dg]{ x'G5 . AofPsf] rf}+/LufO{n] b"w eg] lbg 5f]8\b}g .

ca s'/f cfof], rf}+/LufO{sf] jf:tljstf s] xf] < lxdfndf kfOg] ofs -efn]_ / gfs -kf]yL_ sf] k|hfltnfO{ j}1flgs efiffdf af]; u|'lgo; (Bos grunniens) elgG5 . o;n] cfˆgf] k|hfltdf cfˆg} ;Gtfg hGdfpFb5Ù ;a} Ps} /utsf . cf}ndf xfdLn] kfNg] ufO{, uf]? rflxF af]; Ol08s; (Bos indicus) k|hflt cGtu{t k5{g\ . cf}nsf] of] k|hflt / n]sfnL af]; u|'lgo; -ofs÷gfs_ aLrsf] k|hgg\af6 hGdg] afR5L jf 5f]/L rf}+/LufO{ x'G5] . To:tf] k|hgg\af6 5f]/f hGd]df Tof] ‰f]lKsof] aGb5 . o;n] ef/L af]s]/ n]s–a];L ug{ ;S5 . t/ of] k|f0fL klg gk'+;s x'G5, 3f]8L / uwfaf6 hGd]sf] vRr/ h:t} . t;y{, rf}+/LufO{ xfd|f] cf}n] ufO{ h:t} 5'§} k|hftLo cl:tTj af]s]sf] k|f0fL x}g . of] l7dfxf, vRr/ jf j0f{zÍ/ k|f0fL xf] . k|hgg\sf] of] g]kfnL df}lns k|ljlwnfO{ j}1flgs ¿kdf :yflkt / hu]gf{ ug{ l9nf] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . lsgeg] xfd|f] of] k/Dk/fut 1fg axg ug]{ lxdfnL ls;fgsf] gofF k':tf ko{6g Joj;fosf] t8se8s 5f]8]/ rf}+/L kfnglt/ kms{g] cj:yf IfL0f x'Fb}5 .

dfG5] ;a} Pp6} /utsf t/ ljrf/ lsg a]Unf a]Un} < :jefjtM s'g} klg b'O{ JolQm 7\ofDd} Ps} ¿ksf] x'Fb}g . hLj–lj1fgn] k|dfl0ft g} u/]sf] 5, s'g} b'O{JolQm ;Dk"0f{tM Ps}gf;sf x'g} ;Qm}gg\ . To;}n] dfG5]lkR5] cf}+7f5fk a]Un} x'G5 . ljrf/ klg a]Un} x'G5 . dflg; dfq x}g s'g} klg jg:klt jf k|f0fLdf oxL l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 .

dflg;s} af/] s'/f ubf{ xfd|f] z/L/sf] k|To]s hLjsf]if -;]n_ jf k|To]s /Qms0f -An8 ;]n_ df j+zf0f' (hLg/gene) x'G5g\ . dflg;sf] Pp6f hLjsf]zdf nueu #),))) j+zf0f' x'G5g\ . tL j+zf0f'sf k'~hx¿ /];f ?kL qmf]df];f]d (Chromosome) df ;fsf/ x'G5g\ . ;"Idbz{s oGqn] o;nfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . dfgj hLjsf]ifdf hDdf $^ j6f qmf]df];f]d x'G5g\ . k|To]s JolQm jf JolQmsf k|To]s hLjsf]ifdf of] ;ª\Vof l:y/ x'G5 . oL $^ qmf]df];f]d dWo] @# j6f cfdftkm{sf / @# j6f afa'tkm{sf x'G5g\ . k|hgg\ sfo{sf nflu tof/ x'g] k'?if–z'qmsL6 / :qL–c08sf]l;sfdf eg] @# j6f -$^ sf] cfwf_ dfq qmf]df];f]d x'G5g\ . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+ef]u kl5 aGg] gofF e|"0fsf]if (Zygote) df km]l/ $^ sf] ;ª\Vof sfod x'g k'U5 . oL $^ qmf]df];f]d dWo] 5f]/f jf 5f]/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ lglZrt k|sf/sf b'O{ j6f qmf]df];f]d -;]S; qmf]df];f]d_ x'G5g\ . 5f]/L lgwf{/0f ug]{nfO{ PS; (X) / 5f]/f lgwf{/0f ug]{nfO{ jfO{ (Y) eGg] ul/G5 . 5f]/L aGg] e|"0fsf]ifdf afa'sf] tkm{af6 klg PS; qmf]df];f]d k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 / cfdftkm{sf] PS; ToxfF To;} df}h'b x'g]eof]Ù lsgeg] cfdf;Fu jfO{ eGg] qmf]df];f]d x'Fb}x'Fb}g . lktftkm{ dfq PS; / jfO{ b'j} qmf]df];f]d x'G5g\ . t;y{, ;Gtfg hGdg] qmddf 5f]/f x'g] jf 5f]/L x'g] s'/fsf] lg0f{o k'?iftkm{sf] z'qmsL6n] lgwf{/0f u5{, To;df dlxnfsf] s'g} e"ldsf g} x'Fb}g . To;}n] 5f]/f hGd]g eg]/ >LdtL abNg' d"v{tf dfq xf] .

;Gtfg hGdFbf dftf / lktfsf @#÷@# j6f qmf]df];f]d / ltgsf j+zf0f'x¿ clåtLo ¿kdf cfk;df ldN5g\ . o:tf] ldnfkn] csf]{ ljNs'n} gofF j+zf0f'ut ;+/rgf k}bf u5{ . To;}n] s'g} b'O{ JolQm ztk|ltzt dfG5]s} ?k eP klg ltgdf kof{Kt tflTjs leGgtf /lx/xG5 . Pp6} /utsf b'O{ JolQm klg km/s km/s :jefj / ljrf/sf x'G5g\ . o;sf] ckjfb h'DNofxfx¿ x'g\ . slxn]sfxLF e|"0fsf]if ;fdfGo ¿kdf x's{g'eGbf klxn] cfkm}F ljeflht eP/ b'O{ j6f e|"0f aGg hfG5 . o;af6 b'j} e|"0fdf Ps} k|sf/sf] j+zf0f' ;+/rgf :yfkgf x'G5 / To;af6 hGdg] b'j} lzz' Ps} :j?ksf x'G5g\ . o;}u/L slxn]sfxLF dlxnfsf] c08fzoaf6 Ps}kN6 b'O{ j6f c08f tof/ ePsf] cj:yfdf b'j} c08fn] cf–cfˆgf] nflu 5'§} z'qmsL6 k|fKt u/]/ klg h'DNofxf hGdg] x'G5 . Ps}kN6 hGd] klg o:tf h'DNofxfsf] ?k eg] a]Un} x'G5 . Pp6f 5f]/f / csf]{ 5f]/L klg x'g;S5 . Pp6} j+zf0f'af6 hGdg] h'DNofxfsf] gfs–gSzf p:t} b]lvg ;S5 t/, :jefj / ljrf/df ltgLx?df klg ;dfgtf x'Fb}g .

o;/L Pp6} /utsf dflg;df ljrf/ a]Un} x'g'sf] tflTjs sf/0f j+zf0f' xf]Ù t/ cGo sf/0fx¿ eg] kl/l:ylt / jftfj/0fn] l;h{gf u/]sf] x'G5 . kl/l:yltn] hLj–k|f0fLnfO{ jftfj/0f cg's"n /+u, ?k / :jefj abNg afWo u/fpF5 . cfˆgf] j+zsf] cl:tTj sfod ug{ k|s[lt / kl/j]z cg's"n :jefj / :j?k abNb} hfg'kg]{ hLjf0f'sf] afWotf ljsf;jfbL l;4fGt -Yof]/L ckm OEof]No';g_ df phfu/ x'G5 . ljZjdf cfh h] hlt k|f0fL / jg:klt 5g\Ù ltgsf k'vf{ / k'vf{sf klg k'vf{ jt{dfgsf eGbf leGb} :jefj / :j?ksf lyP eGg] lj1fgn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] s'/f xf] . kl/j]z / k|s[lt kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 / To:tf] kl/jt{gdf k|To]s k|f0fLn] cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] nflu ;ª\3if{ ul//xG5 . o:tf] ;ª\3if{df jftfj/0f / k|s[lt;Fu ldNg ;Sg] ;a}eGbf ;an / nfos k|f0fLn] dfq cfˆgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg ;S5 . oxL l;4fGt cg'?k ljZjaf6 8fogf];/x¿ nf]k eP t/ /fOgf];;{ -u}+8f k|hflt_ afFsL g} 5 .

nfvfF} s/f]8f}F jif{ k'/fgf hLj cjz]ifx¿sf] cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfgn] k|f0fLx¿sf] ljsf;qmd -OEof]No';g_ af/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . cUnfcUnf ¿vsf] kft l6Kgsf nflu lh/fkmsf] nfdf] uw{g x'g', l56f] bf}8\g 3f]8fsf] alnof] 6fk aGg' jf b'O{ v'§fdf pleP/ dflg;n] ljljw k|of]u ug{ ldNg] lgk'0f xft aGg'– oL ;a} hLj ljsf; qmdsf pkh x'g\ . s]xL ckjfbafx]s o:tf] ljsf;df s/f]8f}F jif{ nfU5 . dflg;s} s'/f ubf{ klg @) nfv jif{ klxn]sf dflg; -xf]df] Xoflal6h_ cfˆgf] w]/} h;f] ;do cfhsf afFb/n] ‰}F ¿vdf g} latfpFy] . To;sf] nueu kfFr nfv jif{kl5 ltg} k|f0fL hldgdf pleP/ b'O{ v'§fn] lxF8\g] eP . To:tf dflg;nfO{ …7f8f] dfG5]Ú -xf]df] O/]So"6\;_ elgof] . s/La !% nfv jif{ klxn]sf log} k|f0fLaf6 jt{dfg a'l4o'Qm dflg; -xf]df] ;flkoG;_ sf] ljsf; ePsf] tYo j}1flgsx¿ cufl8 ;fb{5g\ . o;/L dfG5] dfG5] aGgnfO{ / ltgsf afgLAoxf]/f / ljrf/ abNgnfO{ ;do, kl/l:ylt / kl/j]zsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .

hLj–k|f0fLsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ Vofn u/]/ xfdLn] cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf nflu k|s[ltaf6 kf7 l;Sg] xf] eg]Ù cl:tTjsf] d"n s8L ;xcl:tTj xf] . lxdfn, kxf8, dw]z / t/fO{sf] ;xcl:tTjaf6 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . cfˆgf] cl:tTj lbuf] /fVg c¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfg'{, ;sfg'{ / To;;Fu ;dGjo sfod ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfnh:tf] ljljwtfsf] wgL b]zn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg cg]stfsf] s8Ldf Pstfsf] ;fdYo{ yKb} hfg'k5{ . cfk;L ;xcl:tTjdf lglxt zflGtdf lbuf]kg vf]Hg' ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] s'/f hLj– ljsf;sf] Oltxf;n] klg k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] zflGt k|of;sf] ;kmntf t]QL;sf]l6 b]jLb]jtfn] x}g b'O{sf]l6 %) nfv dfG5]n] lgdf{0f ug]{ gofF d"lt{sf] :j?kdf lge{/ u5{ . kTy/ s'Fb]/ d"lt{ agfOG5 . u0f]z agfpg] xf] eg] u0f]zsf] cfs[lt 5f]8]/ kTy/sf] afFsL efu ;a} sf6]/÷s'Fb]/ ˆofSg'k5{ . ;/:jtL agfpg] xf] eg] ;f]xL kTy/af6 ;/:jtLsf] :j?knfO{ 5f]8]/ c¿ cgfjZos efu ˆofFSg'kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6f 9'Ëfdf cgGt d"lt{ cGt/lglxt x'G5g\ . s'g rflxF d"lt{nfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbg] xf] Tof] lzNksf/sf] lg0f{o / lzNkdf lge{/ /xG5 . O{{Zj/ Ps} eP klg d"lt{ a]Un} aGg'df c¿sf] x}g, dfG5]s} xft dfq lg0ff{os x'G5 .
of] n]v g]kfnL ;ËLtsf cd/ hf]8L :juL{o z/0f k|wfg tyf :j= c?0ff nfdfk|lt ;dk{0f ub{5' . c:t' .