• 8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

lj1fg–ljrf/

hns'DeLsf] ltvf{ / l;d;f/sf] eljio

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof nueu @% jif{df bf]Aa/ x'G5 . t/, hns'DeLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;ª\Vof 8ANofpg @% lbg klg nfUb}g . o;sf] aLp !%÷@) jif{;Dd gcª\s'/fOsg ;'if'Kt /xg ;S5 . cg's"n jftfj/0f 5 eg] t'?Gt} pd|g klg ;S5 . Pp6} af]6df tLg ;o hlt aLp x'G5g\ .

ætfnsf] lsgf/fdf 8'Ëfdfly a;]/
cfˆg} 5fofFnfO{ ulx/fOx¿df 8'afO/xFbf
pgn] ;D‰L xf]lng\ 5fofF klg ltvf{pg] u5{ .Æ
– slj /d]z >]i7

;'bz{g /l~ht

km]jfnfO{ lgNb} u/]sf] hns'DeL ;kmf ug]{ o:tf k|of; c;kmn dfq} eO/x]sf 5g\ .

kf]v/fsf o'jf slj /d]z >]i7sf] ltvf{pg] 5fofF km]jftfnsf] lgd{n kfgLsf] :jR5tfdf ;fsf/ x'G5 . kf]v/f hfg'sf] lt;{gf jf:tjdf km]jftfn gk'uL d]l6Fb}g . t/, kf]v/fsf tfnx¿ Ps clt ltvf{n' jg:klt æhns'DeLÆ sf] rk]6fdf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . aL; kRrL; jif{ klxn];Dd gfdlgzfg gePsf] of] k/b]zL jg:klt cfh ljleGg hnfzo / l;d;f/ If]qdf …g sf6L ;fWo, g kmfnL ;fWoÚ x'g]u/L km}lnFb}5 . km]jftfn j/k/ / rf/}lt/ nh, xf]6n, /]:6'/fF / c¿ ef}lts ;'ljwf ef]Ug cfpg] hg;d'bfo / ko{6ssf dn, hn, kmf]xf]/ / cGo k|b"if0fx¿ tfndf hDg hfg] ePsf]n] hns'DeL km:6fpg] jftfj/0f lbgk/lbg a9\bf] 5 . :jR5 kfgLdf hns'DeL plt km:6fpg ;Sb}g / g'lgnf] ;fd'lb|s kfgLdf t of] k6Ss} x's{g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu pi0f xfjfkfgL / k|b"lift hnfzo ljz]if ?lrs/ x'G5 . To;}n] !%)) ld6/ eGbf pRr If]qdf of] jg:klt e]l6Psf] 5}g . kf]v/f If]q o;sf] nflu cg's"n 5 . ;dodf g} cfjZos sbd rfNg ;lsPg eg] o;sf] k|sf]kn] km]jftfn a]sDdf x'g]5 . k|rf/d"ns ;kmfO cfGbf]ng jf r]tgfd"ns k|rf/n] dfq hns'DeL lgoGq0f x'Fb}g . ;+;f/el/ g} s'Voft of] ldrfxf jg:kltnfO{ ljZj l;d;f/ -j]6 Nof08_ lbj;sf] jflif{s >f4 l/jfhn] jzdf Nofpg ;Sg] s'/} 5}g . s]xL Jojl:yt k|of; x'g}k5{ . To;lglDt ;j{k|yd hns'DeL s] xf] eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ u/f}F .

hns'DeL Û slt ;'Gb/ gfd . kfgL / 38fsf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ ;+1f . ;'Gbf ljz'4 g]kfnL jg:kltsf] gfd h:tf] nfU5, t/ of] g]kfnsf] /}yfg] jg:klt x}g . of] a|flhnsf] cd]hf]g If]qaf6 3'Db} lkmb}{ g]kfn lelqPsf] cltly xf] . o;sf] k'ikfs[lt / ;f}Gbo{ o'/f]k]nL au}Frfsf] lk|o k'ik xfol;Gy (Hyacinth) ;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . xfol;Gy df6f]df km:6fpF5 / hns'DeL hnfzodf . To;}n] cª\u|]hLdf o;nfO{ …jf6/ xfol;GyÚ elgG5 . hns'DeL hxfF uof] pxLF cfˆgf] k|e'Tj hdfpF5 . o;n] af; kfPsf] jf;:yfgdf c¿ la?jf l6Sg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;sf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4b/ rsf]{ 5 . xfdL g]kfnLx¿ nueu @% jif{df cfˆgf] hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ agfpF5f}F . hns'DeLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;ª\Vof 8ANofpg @% lbg klg nfUb}g . kfgL, dn / pi0f jftfj/0fdf hns'DeL aLp / xfFuflaFufaf6 ;lhn} km}lnG5 . o;sf] aLp !%÷@) jif{;Dd gcª\s'/fOsg ;'if'Kt /xg ;S5 . cg's"n jftfj/0f 5 eg] t'?Gt} klg pd|g klg ;S5 . Pp6f af]6af6 #)) hlt aLp pTkfbg x'G5 . of] jg:klt cfˆgf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ubf{ bfofFafofFsf xfFuflaFufdf gofF af]6 l;h]{/ ;lhn};Fu km}ng] ub{5 . aLp g} klg klv{a:b}g .

hns'DeLsf] km"n cfsif{s x'G5 . xNsf KofhLdf kx]Fnf a'6f ;h]sf] km"n Psgf;n] tfnel/ 6Dd km'lnlbG5 . o;sf] kft ;fFRr} lrNnf] / uf9f xl/of]df 6Nsg] x'G5 . kftsf] e]6\gf] eg] kmSs km's]/ ;fgf] 38f -s'De_ sf] cfsf/ lnG5 . t/ of] s'De cyf{t\ 38fleq hn -kfgL_ x}g, xfjf -jfo'_ x'G5 . ufpF3/df dflg;x¿ t'Daf le/]/ gbL t/]h:t} jf xfjf e/]sf] df]6/ 6\o"a lnO{ kf]v/Ldf kf}8L v]n]h:t} hns'DeL klg oL xfjfe/]sf ;–;fgf 38fsf ;xfotfn] kfgLdf pqg ;kmn x'G5 . 8'Ag'kb}{g . kftsf] km]bdf knfpg] oL 38fx¿ lyr]/ jf Roft]/ x]/]df :k~h h:tf] kbfy{ dfq kfOG5 .

kfgLsf] ;txd'lg hns'DeLsf h/f lzjhLsf h6fh:t} ´ofKk lkmFlhPsf x'G5g\ . oL h/fdf nfvf}F s/f]8f}F ‰'; x'G5g\ . oL ‰';] h/fx¿n] kfgL ;f]:g] sfd ub{5g\ / Tof] kfgL kftaf6 jfikLs/0f eP/ xfjdf ldN5 . xfjfn] kftsf] kfgL ;'sfpFb} hfg] / h/fn] To;sf] cfk"lt{ ub}{ hfg] qmddf l;d;f/ g} l56f]l56f] ;'Sg yfN5 . s'g} kf]v/L jf hnfzo ;'sfP/ cltqmd0f ug{sf] lglDt ToxfF hns'DeLsf] aLp ˆoflnlbg' pQd pkfo xf] .

8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

/f/f bxsf] l;d;f/df, ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf pRr If]qdf afFRg ;Sg] e}F;L . /fli6«o lgs'~h ag]kl5 o:tf kfNt' hgfj/ oxfF e]l6g 5f8]sf 5g\ .

To;f] t hns'DeLnfO{ /fd|f] sfddf klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] k|b"lift kfgL :jR5 ug{ d2t lbG5 . pBf]u sf/vfgfaf6 pT;u{ ePsf] k|b"lift kfgLnfO{ 7fpF7fpFdf hdfP/ To;df hns'DeL x'sf{pgfn] kfgLsf] h}ljs pkrf/ x'G5 . ljleGg /f;folgs tTjx¿nfO{ hns'DeLn] ;f];]/ lnG5 . To;}n] km]jftfn jf s'g} gbLdf v:g] k|b"lift kfgLnfO{ klxn] hns'DeLn] pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf nflu j}1flgs cWoog / s8f Joj:yfkg ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . Joj:yfkgsf] ks8df hns'DeLnfO{ /fVg ;Sg'k5{ g ls hns'DeLsf] ks8df Joj:yfkg .

hns'DeL x'sf{pg s]xL kl/>d ug'{ gkg]{ x'gfn] o;k|lt w]/}sf] Wofgfsif{0f klg ePsf] 5 . kfNt' hgfj/ vf;u/L ;'Fu'/nfO{ bfgf agfpgdf o;sf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To;} u/]/ o;sf] kftsf] /];faf6 sfuh, af]8{ / ljleGg x:tsnfsf ;fdfg agfpg ;lsG5 . o; la?jfsf] h}ljs /fzL -jfof]df;_ olts} v]/ hfg glbg] k|ljlw klg gePsf] x}g . h}ljs dn / UofF; agfpg klg of] la?jf k|of]u x'g ;S5 . lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h 5]psf s]xL ufpFx¿df hns'DeLaf6 jfof]UofF; lgsfNg ;kmn ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . uf]a/UofF; k|ljlwdf ljz]if cg'ej /fVg'x'g] d's'Gb e§/fO{ hns'DeLaf6 lgs} pT;flxt b]lvg'x'G5 . jfof]UofF;sf] lglDt pkof]u x'g] uf]a/df sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft @$ x'G5 eg] hns'DeLdf of] cg'kft @% /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f klg jfof]UofF;sf] lglDt hns'DeL pko'Qm sRrf kbfy{ xf] . o;/L hns'DeLsf] ljleGg k|of]u ePtfklg o;sf] cftÍn] dflg;nfO{ o;} cTofOlbG5 . t/ ljlwjt\ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / Joj:yfkglt/ Wofg lbg g;s] o;sf] cftÍaf6 aRg ufx|f] x'G5 .

/fd;f/ If]qdf hns'DeL cftÍ
Sofl:kog ;fu/sf] lsgf/df cjl:yt O/fgsf] Ps zx/sf] gfpF xf] /fd;f/ . cfheGbf #$ jif{ klxn] ;g\ !(&! sf] km]a|'c/L @ sf lbg To; 7fpFdf l;d;f/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL Ps dxf;lGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ;D‰f}tf ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ /fd;f/ ;lGw elgG5 . o; ;lGw cg'?k cGt/f{li6«o dxŒj af]s]sf ljZjsf ljleGg l;d;f/x¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/G5 . To; ;"rLdf kg]{ l;d;f/nfO{ /fd;f/ If]q eg]/ 3f]if0ff x'G5 . o:tf If]qx¿n] df};dL ofqfdf ljZj ljr/0f ug{ lxF8]sf nfvf}F r/fr'?ËLx¿nfO{ cf>o lbg] ub{5g\ . s¥ofªs'?ª, rv]jf–rv]jL, l;nl;n] xfF;nufot xhf/f}F kG5Lx¿ cfˆgf lgoldt p8fgdf 7fpF7fpFdf af; a:g afWo x'G5g\ . o:tf kG5Lx¿sf] af; a:g] :yfg l;d;f/ x'g\ . o:tf l;d;f/dWo] sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If / To; jl/kl/sf] hnfzo ljZjel/ g} /fd;f/ If]qsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . ToxfF $^& k|hfltsf ljleGg kG5L ljr/0f ub{5g\ / ;du|df %),))) eGbf a9L hnr/ kG5Lx¿ (Water fowl) nfO{ sf]zL 6Kk'n] cf>o lbG5 . oLdWo] sltko kG5L ;fOa]l/ofb]lv >LnÍf / blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿sf] e|d0fdf hfG5g\ . sf]zL 6Kk'sf] l;d;f/df b'n{e cgf{ -hËnL e}F;L÷/fFuf_, ;f]+; -8lNkmg_ 3l8ofn uf]xL, hnsk'/ df5fnufot ljleGg h}ljs ;Dkbf c‰} df}h'b 5g\ . t/ ToxfFsf l;d;f/x¿ hns'DeLsf] k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . hns'DeLsf] Joj:yfkg c‰} glhs b]lvFb}g . of] l;d;f/ /fd;f/df btf{ ePsf] klg !& jif{ lalt;Sof] t}klg ;d:of eg] 6/]sf] 5}g .

g]kfnsf c¿ tLg j6f l;d;f/ klg ;g\ @))# b]lv /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t ug{ 5g\ . tL x'g\– s}nfnL lhNnfsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, slknj:t' lhNnfsf] hulbzk'/ tfn / lrtjgsf] aL; xhfl/of tfn . /, oL tLg j6} If]qdf hns'DeLsf] k|r'/tf a9\g] qmdaf6 :yfgLoaf;L lrlGtt 5g\ . of] jif{sf] l;d;f/ lbj;n] log} s'/f phfu/ u¥of] . aL; xhfl/of tfnnufot lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf cGo l;d;f/ hns'DeLsf] k|sf]kaf6 ;'Sg yfn]sf sf/0f u}F8fsf] ;ª\Vof ;d]t k|efljt ePsf] ;dfrf/ cfPsf] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /x]sf] zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / /fd;f/ ;"rLdf k/]sf] aL; xhfl/of tfnsf] b'u{lt x'g'sf] bf]if lgZro g} hns'DeL tyf c¿ ‰f/kftsf] k|sf]knfO{ yf]kg{ ;lsG5 t/ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf af]s]sf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L Pj+ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ lsg k|efjsf/L 9Ën] l;d;f/ ;+/If0fdf nfUg ;s]g eGg] k|Zg klg cg'Ql/t g} 5g\ . /fd;f/ ;"rLdf k/]sf oL l;d;f/x¿ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] kvf{Odf a:g afWo 5g\ .

8f= d's]z rfln;]

dfOkf]v/Lsf] j/k/ b]lvPsf ;'l/nf j[If hfkfgL ;Nnf x'g\ . logn] :yfgLo jg:klt lj:yflkt ub}{5g\ . o; hnfzodf aflx/af6 nu]/ /ËLlj/ËL df5f 5f]8]kl5 ToxfFsf] b'n{e kfgL uf]xf]/f] t -tn_ nf]k g} eO;s]sf] 5 .

h}ljs cltlysf c¿ cftÍ
hns'DeL h:tf ldrfxf h}ljs cltlyx¿nfO{ l;d;f/ h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn kof{j/0fdf lagf ;f]rljrf/ x'Ng'x'Fb}g . cltly / ko{6sx¿af6 nfu"kbfy{sf] k|sf]k g]kfnn] ef]lu;s]sf] 5 . To:t} P8\; /f]usf] cftÍaf6 klg klG5;s]sf 5}gf}F . logsf cltl/Qm ljleGg afnLgfnL, df5f, kz'kG5Lnufot cGo ljb]zL gZn / ljb]zL d"nsf h}ljs kbfy{ leœofpg'kbf{ lglZrt dfkb08 / Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . o;f] gePdf eljion] xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg ;S5 . of] ;Gbe{df Onfdsf] dfOkf]v/Lsf] 36gf pNn]Vo 5 .

dfOkf]v/Ldf ljb]zL df5fsf] cftÍ
g]kfnsf kxf8L hnfzox¿df Onfdsf] dfOkf]v/L Ps dxŒjk"0f{ l;d;f/ xf] . o; /d0fLo Pj+ /f]df~rsf/L :ynsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ ko{6sLo dxŒj cfˆg} 7fpFdf 5 t/ o;sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxŒj eg] a'´g÷a'‰fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;nfO{ c‰ ;'Gb/ / dgdf]xs agfpg] c;n lgotaf6 sfd x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf] h}ljs ljz]iftf gi6 x'g k'u]sf] 5 . zfob c1fgtfsf] of] Ps :d/0fLo gd"gf xf] . o;af6 ;a}n] kf7 l;Sg'kb{5 .

nueu @% jif{ klxn]sf] ;D‰gf sf]6\ofpg] xf] eg] dfOkf]v/Lsf 7fpF7fpFdf ‰f/sf] hdf]7n] ag]sf 6fk'x¿ t}l//x]sf] b[Zo b]lvGYof] . o:tf hdf]7dfly lxF8\g ;lsGYof] / ToxfF ;]tf, kx]Fnf u'/fF;sf a'6f klg pd|]sf lyP . kfgL lgd{n lyof] . hdf]7 xNnfpFbf :yfgLo /}yfg] df5fsf e'/fx¿ ;nanfpFy] . tL df5fsf e'/fx¿;Fu ljr/0f ug]{ Ps clt b'n{e hnr/ klg cGj]ifsx¿n] kQf nufPsf lyP . d‰f}nf sbsf] 5]kf/f] h:tf] b]lvg] To; k|f0fLnfO{ :yfgLo dflg;x¿ ysys] eGby] . s;} s;}n] To;nfO{ kfgL uf]xf]/f] klg eGg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 . jf:tjdf o;nfO{ qmf]sf]8fOn ;fnfdf08/ (Crocodile salamander) eg]/ hLjzf:qLx¿n] gfd lbPsf 5g\ . oxL b'n{e k|f0fL ;+/If0f ug{ Onfdsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ hf]/ kf]v/L If]qdf ef/t ;/sf/n] …;fnfdf08/ jfO8nfOkm :of+sr'/LÚ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf eg] o;sf] d"n af;:yfg dfOkf]v/Laf6 of] k|f0fL nf]k ePsf] cfzÍf 5 . dfOkf]v/Ldf ljb]zaf6 NofOPsf /ËLlj/ËL df5f 5f]8]sf] sf/0f of] k|f0fL nf]k x'g uof] . To;sf ;fy} dfOkf]v/Ldf t}/g] ´ofpsf] hdf]7 klg tfn ;kmf ug]{ gfddf lgd"{n u/L ˆofFlsO;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^# df dfq j}1flgs hutdf klxrfg ePsf] of] ´ofp (Sphagnum nepalense) g]kfn aflx/ cGoq e]§fOPsf] 5}g . g]kfnaf6 nf]k ePdf o;nfO{ a|Xdfn] klg km]l/ ;[li6 ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . o; k|sf/ dfOkf]v/Lsf] ljlzi6 h}ljs ljz]iftf c1fgtfsf sf/0f x|f; ePsf] 5 .

dfOkf]v/Lsf] hnfwf/ If]qdf bfhL{lnª x'Fb} Onfd leœofOPsf] hfkfgL ;Nnf (Cryptomeria japonica) ;'l/nf] j[Ifsf] ¿kdf /d0fLo b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 t/ o; j[Ifn] klg /}yfg] u'/fF;, s6';, rfFk cflb j[Ifx¿nfO{ lj:yfkg ub}{5 . o;sf] k|efj ToxfFsf jGohGt' / ljz]iftM kG5Lx¿nfO{ k|ToIf kb{5 . To;}n] dfOkf]v/L h:tf] k|s[ltsf] cg'kd j/bfgnfO{ c1fgn] x}g 1fg / lj1fgn] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ vfFrf] 68\sf/f] 5 . ;d'b| ;txb]lv @!)) ld6/sf] pFrfOdf cjl:yt of] kf]v/Ldf hns'DeLn] cftÍ gdRrfP klg cGo k/b]zL cfoftLt hLj / jg:kltn] gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{ eg] 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ .

o;} ;Gbe{df d'u' lhNnfsf] /f/f bxsf] rrf{ klg ;fGble{s x'G5 . ToxfF klg ljZjsf] cGo s'g} efudf gkfOg] tLgyl/sf c;nf df5f kfOG5g\ . Tof] ljzfn hnfzodf df5f kfNg] /x/ s;nfO{ gxf]nf, rf/}lt/ km]jftfndf ‰}F nh, /]:6'/fF / xf]6n vf]Ng] cfsif{0f klg lsg gx'g' < hnqmL8fdf ko{6gnfO{ e'nfpg] OR5f klg knfpg ;S5, t/ s'g} klg lg0f{o lng'eGbf klxn] oyfy{ j}1flgs 1fgsf] cfwf/ vf]Hg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 . vf;u/L k/b]zL hLj / jg:kltnfO{ b]zdf x'Ng'eGbf klxn] To;sf] c;/ ;DaGwL kof{Kt 1fg a6'Ng' cfjZos 5, gq eljiosf] ;/fk nfUg]5 .