| vfBfGg
ahf/M a|f08sf] axf/
rfdn, kL7f], bfn h:tf cTofjZos vfBj:t'
ljleGg a|f08sf 5l/tf / cfsif{s Kofs]6df kfOg yfn]kl5 zx/ahf/sf pkef]Qmfn]
5gf}6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ kfPsf 5g\, ;Fu;Fu} lsgd]nsf] k/Dk/fut z}nLdf
klg 7"n} kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
d's'n
x'dfufOF
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd el/ofnfO{ af]sfP/ gNofO{
3/df rfdn lelqFb}gYof] . 3/df cfP/ slgsf, laofF / 9'Ëf
s]nfpFbf–s]nfpFbf x}/fg . clxn] k;ndf rfdn, kL7f], bfn
cflb vfBj:t'sf ljleGg tf}nsf cfsif{s Kofs]6x¿ kfOG5g\ .
s]nfpg} gkg]{ slgsf/lxt rfdn kfOG5, Tof] klg rfx] h:tf] lsl;dsf .
zx/sf l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/b]lv ;fwf/0f ls/fgf k;n;Dd ;lhn};Fu kfOg yfn]kl5
a|f08]8 vfBfGgsf] cfsif{0f a9]sf] xf] . 5l/tf] Kofs]6df tfhf
/ ;kmf x'g] ePsf]n] klg a|f08]8 vfBfGg nf]slk|o ePsf] 5 . cfhef]ln
u|fxsx¿ dl;gf] of df]6f], kf]v/]nL, dG;'nL of af;dtL dfq
eg]/ xf]Og, a|f08sf] ;d]t gfd lnP/ rfdn dfU5g\ .
a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, Jo:t hLjgz}nL / ;fgf]
kl/jf/sf sf/0f zx/L pkef]Stfx¿sf] ahf/ hfg] / lsgd]n ug]{
z}nLdf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . klxn] h:tf] af]/f / 7N7"nf
‰f]nf af]s]/ ahf/ hfg] / v'Nnf vfBfGg w]/} lsg]/ NofO{ e08f/
ug]{ rng x6\b}5 . oxL kl/jt{gnfO{ x]/]/ Joj;foLx¿n]
rfdn, kL7f], bfn h:tf b}lgs pkef]Uo vfBj:t'x¿ …ˆofG;L
KoflsËÚdf pTkfbg ug{ yfn]sf x'g\ . o:tf ;fdfg a]Rbf
k|To]s ;fdfg tf}lnFb} kf]sf] kfg'{ gkg]{ x'gfn] k;n]x¿nfO{
klg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . t/ Knfli6ssf] k|of]u w]/} x'gyfn]sf]n]
zx/ahf/df kmf]xf]/d}nf / k|b"if0fsf] ;d:of eg] a9]sf] 5 .
clwsf+z
vfBj:t'x¿ krf; / ;o s]hLsf af]/faf6 kfFr / b; s]hLsf Kofs]6df
pknAw x'gyfn]sf 5g\ . lxhf]cfh zx/L If]qsf w]/} pkef]Stfx¿
#) s]hL / ;f]eGbf sd tf}nsf Kofs]6df kfOg] vfBfGg lsG5g\ .
x'nf; sGHo'd/ l8lehgsf ;]N; tyf dfs]{l6Ë Dofg]h/ /hgLz s'df/
eG5g\, æca zx/L If]qdf rfdn, kL7f] h:tf vfBj:t'sf] v'nf laqmL
cJofjxfl/s eO;Sof] .Æ
a|f08sf] af]njfnf
ahf/df pkef]Stfsf] x}l;ot / Ifdtfcg';f/ km/s–km/s lsl;dsf
a|f08]8 rfdnx¿ kfOG5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf clxn] Ps
bh{g eGbf a9L :jb]zL a|f08sf rfdnx¿ pknAw 5g\ . k|foM
;a} rfdn pBf]ux¿n] cf–cfˆgf] a|f08g]dsf ;fy af;dtL,
dG;'nL, sfG5L dG;'nL, ;f]gf dG;'nL, k/dn, lh/f dl;gf], kf]v/]nL,
O8nL hftsf rfdnx¿ ahf/df NofPsf 5g\ . O8nL rfdn dw'd]xsf
lj/fdLx¿nfO{ nIf u/]/ NofPsf] uf]N5f ;d"xn] atfPsf]
5 .
;o s]hLsf af]/faf6 ‰/]/ %) /
#) s]hL tf}nsf af]/fdf rfdn cfpg @)$%–$^ ;fnb]lv yfn]sf] xf] .
t/ a|f08]8 rfdn Jofkf/sf] ;'?cft rflxF @)%) ;fndf uf]N5f / ldG8f
;d"xn] #) s]hLsf af]/fdf qmdzM x'nf; / dVvg rfdnaf6 u/]sf x'g\ .
lxhf]cfh c‰} ;fgf / cfsif{s Kofsx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ .
k|foM ;a} rfdn pBf]un] af;dtL, lh/fdl;gf] h:tf dxFuf rfdnnfO{ kfFr
/ b; s]hLsf] KoflsËdf tyf cfd pkef]Stfn] a9L ?rfpg] dG;'nL
/ ;f]gf dG;'nL !), @) / #) s]hLsf Kofs / af]/fdf pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ .
ahf/df ljleGg a|f08sf s/La Ps bh{g
hftsf rfdn cfPsf / af;dtLsf w]/} a|f08 b]lvPsf eP klg rfdn ahf/sf]
cfwf lx:;f ;f]gf dG;'nLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . z'?df dxËf …lk|ldodÚ
rfdndf s]lGb|t g]kfnL pTkfbsx¿ ca lj:tf/} …df; k|f]8S6Últ/
nfu]sf 5g\ . ;f]gf dG;'nL h:tf sd d"Nosf rfdnsf] a9\bf]
ahf/n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;f] ug{ afWo t'NofPsf] xf] . uf]N5f
;d"xn] rfF8} g} kfFr / b; s]hLsf] sGHo'd/ Kofsdf ;f]gf dG;'nL
Nofpg nfu]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ahf/df ef/tsf a|f08]8 rfdnx¿
klg w]/} 5g\ . nfnlsNnf, Ol08of u]6, g'/hxfF nufot s/La Ps
bh{g ef/tLo a|f08sf rfdn rN5g\ oxfF . g]kfnL rfdn eGbf !)–!%
k|ltzt ;:tf] / /fd|f] klg ePsf]n] ef/tLo rfdnn] ahf/ lng ;s]sf]
Jofkf/Lx¿sf] egfO 5 . vf;u/L af;dtL rfdndf ef/tLo a|f08
cufl8 5 . cf/tL rfdnsf pTkfbs g]kfn Pu|f] k|f];]l;Ësf
ab|L d}gfnL eG5g\, æ7"nf xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6 / ;De|fGt ju{sf
dflg;x¿ Ol08og af;dtL g} ?rfpF5g\ .Æ
rfdnh:t} kfFr–bz s]hLsf] sGHo'd/
Kofsdf x'nf;, /f]on RjfO;, 1fg, ;"o{, cfzLjf{b, kmRo'{g, 8fod08,
zlQmef]u cflb a|f08sf d}bf / kL7f]x¿ klg kfOg yfn]sf 5g\ .
ahf/df ux'F k|zf]wg u/L ;Lw} agfOPsf] …rSsL kL7f]Ú
/ ;'hL, d}bf agfPkl5 afFsL /xg] …ldn kL7f]Ú u/L b'O{yl/sf]
kL7f] kfOG5 . rSsL kL7f] eGbf ldn kL7f]sf] dfu a9L 5 .
rfprfp, la:s'6 h:tf vfg]s'/fsf nflu rflxg] x'gfn] d}bfsf] vkt kL7f]
eGbf a9L 5 . uf]N5f ;d"x / s]Pn b'u8n] qmdzM /f]on RjfO;
/ cfzLjf{b gfpFdf le6fldg–aL o'St kL7f];d]t pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ .
uf]N5f ;d"xn] Ps / b'O{ s]hLsf] Kofsdf a|f08]8 ;'hL klg ahf/df
NofpFb}5 .
t/ bfn eg] c‰};Dd sGHo'd/ Kofsdf eGbf v'n} ¿kdf a9L
laSg] u/]sf] 5, ;lhnf]sf nflu k;n]x¿n] v'nf bfn cfkm}F Kofs
u/]/ a]Rg' a]Un} s'/f xf] . clxn];Dd uf]N5f / s]Pn b'u8 ;d"xsf
kfFr s]hLsf] qmdzM x'nf; / 1fg a|f08sf] /x/, d';'/f] / rgfsf] bfn
dfq} sGHo'd/ Kofsdf pknAw 5g\ .
Jofkfl/s cfsif{0f
clxn] zx/L pkef]StfnfO{ nIo agfP/ rfdn, kL7f] / bfnsf] ahf/df y'k|}
cf}Bf]lus ;d"xx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;aeGbf 7'nf] pkl:ylt
x'nf; ;d"xsf] 5, h;n] rfdn, bfn, kL7f] / d}bf ;a} a|f08]8 u/]/
ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{sf] d'Vo d}bfg ag]sf] 5, cfwf eGbf
a9L a|f08]8 rfdn vkt x'g] sf7df8f}F pkTosf . /fhwfgLsf]
ahf/nfO{ x]/]/ rfdn, kL7f] / d}bf h:tf vfBj:t'sf] ahf/ k|j4{g klg
la:s'6, rfprfp, xNsf k]o h:tf …kmfi6 d'leË sGHo'd/ u'8\;Ú
-PkmPdhL;L_s} z}nLdf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
pTkfbsx¿n] ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{
k|d'v dfWod lj1fkgnfO{ agfPsf 5g\, cf–cfˆgf] a|f08sf
pTkfbgnfO{ :6f088{ a9fpg], hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] j:t'sf] ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]/ . 6]lnlehg Rofgnsf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gsf aLraLrdf cfsif{s
gf/f / ;Gb]z;lxt b'O{–tLg a|f08sf rfdnx¿sf] lgoldt
lj1fkg b]Vg ;lsG5 . vfBfGgsf] Jofkf/df j]a;fO6sf] ;d]t k|of]u
x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnL pkef]Qmfx¿n] d'Grf xfp;sf] d'Grf86sd
dfkm{t\ 3/d} a;]/ rfdn, bfn cflb v/Lb ug{ ;S5g\ .
a|f08]8 rfdnn] zx/L If]qdf kfPsf]
ahf/n] gofF Jofkfl/s ;d"xx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 .
b'O{ dlxgfcl3 dfq clu|gf] a|f08sf] rfdn lnP/ kf]v/fsf] sdf{rfo{
u|'k ahf/df cfPsf] 5 . sdf{rfo{ u|'ksf dfOsn sdf{rfo{ eG5g\,
æ;Defjgf b]v]/} xfdLn] of] If]qdf xft xfn]sf xf}F .Æ
To:t}, bfnsf] Jofkf/df ;+nUg s]Pn b'u8 ;d"x lgs6 eljiod} cTofw'lgs
/fO; ldn :yfkgf u/]/ rfdnsf] Jofkf/df xf]ldFb}5 . x/fpg nfu]sf
g]kfnL wfgrfdn klg a|f08]8 eP/ pkef]Stf;fd' cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
sdf{rfo{ u|'kn] kf]v/fsf] km]jftfn cf;kf;df kmNg] …h]7f]a"9f]Ú
wfgsf] rfdnnfO{ ˆofG;L KoflsË u/]/ a]Rg z'? u/]sf] 5 .
pTkfbgsf] sdL
a|f08]8 vfBfGg ahf/df 7"N7"nf Jofkfl/s 3/fgfsf] k|j]zkl5
s[lif pTkfbgdf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . t/
;/sf/L tYofÍn] wfg pTkfbgdf j[l4 b]vfP klg d'n'sdf vfBfGg
cfoft /f]lsPsf] 5}g . s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] tYofÍ
cg';f/, cfly{s jif{ )%(–^) df g]kfndf $! nfv #@ xhf/ 6g wfg
pTkfbg ePsf] / rfn' cfjdf $$ nfv %% xhf/ 6g k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . t/ eG;f/ ljefusf] tYofÍn] g]kfnL pTkfbg b]zsf] vfBfGg
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ c‰} ckof{Kt /x]sf] ;Í]t ub{5 .
g]kfndf cfj )%(–^) df ef/taf6 !% xhf/ 6g wfg / ## xhf/ 6g
rfdn cfoft ul/Psf] lyof] .
p;} klg g]kfnL ls;fgx¿n] wfgsf] plrt d"No gkfO/x]sf]
a]nf cfoftLt wfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ ‰g\ df/df kf/]sf] 5 .
;/sf/n] g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoftdf
!) k|ltzt ;]jf z'Ns nufP klg cfoftdf sdL cfPsf] 5}g . ef/tdf
wfg ;:tf] ePsf]n] ;:tf] wfg kfpFbfkfpFb} 7"nf /fO; ldnx¿n]
dxFuf] g]kfnL wfg lsGb}gg\ .
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^) cg';f/ cfj )%(–^)
df bnxg afnL @ nfv %& xhf/ 6g / ux'F !# nfv $$ xhf/ 6g pTkfbg
ePsf] 5 . eG;f/ ljefusf] tYofÍn] ;f] jif{ ef/taf6 !(
xhf/ 6g ux'F / !$ xhf/ 6g bfn cfoft ePsf] b]vfpF5 . g]kfn ˆnf]/
ldn Pzf]l;P;gsf cWoIf s'd'b b'u8 g]kfndf ux'Fsf] pTkfbg sd ePsf]n]
ˆnf]/ ldnx¿ cfwf Ifdtfdf rln/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . g]kfndf
vkt x'g] /x/ / rgfsf] bfnsf] cfwf c+z ef/taf6} cfoft x'G5 .
To;}n] a|f08]8 k|f]8S6sf] ¿kdf
rfdn, bfn / kL7f]÷d}bf ahf/df :yflkt x'Fbf klg ls;fgx¿n]
To;af6 k|ToIf kmfObf kfPsf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿ nfut klg gp7\g]
u/L c¿n] tf]s]sf] efpdf wfg a]Rg ljjz 5g\ . ef/tLo s[ifsn]
pGgt aLp, dn, l;+rfO{df ;/sf/L cg'bfg / ;'ljwf kfPsfn] pgLx¿sf]
pTkfbg nfut sd 5 . ef/tn] ls;fgnfO{ plrt d"No lbnfpg wfgsf]
Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No tf]Sg] u/]sf] 5 . t/, oL ;a} ;'ljwfaf6
g]kfnL ls;fgx¿ jl~rt 5g\ .
kfFr–5 jif{cl3;Dd >L % sf]
;/sf/n] pTkfbg nfut / ;LdfjtL{ If]qsf] d"NonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
wfgsf] Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No tf]Sg] u/]sf] lyof] . t/
cfj @)%$–)%% b]lv v'nf cfly{s gLltsf] b'xfO lbP/ Tof] sfd
aGb ul/of] . of] jif{ g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgn] afFs], s}nfnL / s~rgk'/
lhNnfdf df]6f] wfgsf] k|ltSjLG6n v/Lb d"No ?=^*)–?=^()
tf]s]/ ls;fgx¿nfO{ s]xL cfzf b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ zflGt;'/Iffsf]
sf/0f ;+:yfgn] oL afx]s cGo lhNnfx¿af6 wfg v/Lb gug]{ lg0f{o
u/]kl5 ls;fgx¿sf] cfzfdfly t'iff/fkft ePsf] 5 . vfB
;+:yfgsf dxfk|aGws v]naxfb'/ >]i7 eG5g\, æc;'/Iffsf sf/0f
lhNnfsf leqL 7fpFx¿df uP/ wfg v/Lb ug]{ cj:yf 5}g .
;fy} AofÍx¿ lj:yflkt ePsfn] 7"nf] /sd af]s]/
xfdL tL 7fpFdf hfg klg ;Sb}gf}F .Æ
otf zx/L If]qdf a|f08]8 rfdn, kL7f]sf
u|fxs / ahf/ a9] klg ;du| pBf]usf] ljsf; ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] Joj;foLx¿
atfpF5g\ . s'd'b b'u8sf cg';f/ ut jif{sf] eGbf of] jif{ @)–@%
k|ltztn] vfBfGg laqmL 36]sf] 5 .
lgof{tdf x|f;
g]kfnL Joj;foLx¿n] g]kfnL vfBj:t' ljb]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]
ck]Iff klg /fv]sf 5g\\ . t/ o;ljk/Lt xfnsf] cj:yf Tolt pT;fxj4{s
5}g . s]xL jif{cl3;Dd /fd|} /x]sf] lgof{tdf klg 7"nf]
lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . Joj;foLx¿ ;/sf/L c;xof]usf sf/0f lgof{t
36\b} uPsf]] / To;sf] c;/ ;Lw} pBf]udf k/]sf] atfpF5g\ . af]x/f
u|'ksf ;tLz af]x/f eG5g\, æ)%#–%$ ;fn;Dd s'g} g s'g}
dfWodaf6 g]kfnL rfdn aËnfb]z lgof{t eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n]
sfs/le§f–km"naf/L dfu{ k|of]u ug{ bafa lbPkl5 Ps
6«s klg uPg . ptfaf6 cfPsf] Pn;L klg aGb eof] .Æ
b'O{ bzscl3 blIf0f ef/tdf g]kfnL pl;gf
rfdnsf] lgof{t x'GYof] . t/ clxn] ef/tlt/sf] lgof{t k|foM 7Kk
5 . s'd'b b'u8 eG5g\, ærf/ jif{ cl3;Dd xfdL ef/t / ltAatdf
d}bf kL7f] lgof{t uYof}{F . t/, ux'Fdf Eof6 nufOPkl5 To;df
klg Jojwfg cfof] .Æ Joj;foLx¿sf cg';f/, Eof6sf]
c;/ d}bf ldndfly a9L k/]sf] 5 . z'?df s[lifhGo pBf]udf Eof6
gnufOg] elgP klg )%&–%* b]lv ux'Fsf pTkfbgx¿df
Eof6 nufpg yflnPsf] 5 .
kof{Kt ux'F gkfP/ g]kfnL ˆnf]/
ldnx¿sf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPkl5 ldn ;~rfnsx¿ s]xL
xlRsPsf 5g\ . 8fod08 a|f08 kL7f]sf pTkfbs >L/fd vfB pBf]usf
dlgz cu|jfn eG5g\, æsRrf kbfy{sf] cefjdf Ifdtf cg';f/ pBf]u
;~rfng ug{ c;Dej h:t} e};s]sf] 5 .Æ lj/f6gu/ / jL/uGhsf
rf/ j6f ldn aGb} eO;s] . g]kfnL ˆnf]/ ldnx¿df s'g}
;do b}lgs Ps xhf/ 6g pTkfbg x'g] kL7f]÷d}bf clxn] rf/–kfFr
;o 6gdf ‰/]sf] 5 . g]kfn–ef/t ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf ef/tLo
d}bf ldnx¿ :yfkgf x'gyfn]kl5 g]kfnL d}bf ldnx¿dfly
‰g\ c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .
d}bfdf h:t} bfndf klg ;d:of 5 .
bfndf ef/tLo Sjf/]G6fOg kf]i6n] ;d:of v8f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . bfn
lgof{t ubf{{ klxnf] 6gsf nflu ?= @% ;o ltg'{k5{ eg] To;kl5 k|lt6g
?=&% sf b/n] z'Ns a9\b} hfG5 . s'd'b b'u8 eG5g\, æxfdLn]
ef/tLo kIf;Fu s'/f ubf{ %) k|ltzt 36fpg] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
;f] cfzosf] kq ;/sf/n] ;ft dlxgfcl3 g} kfPsf] klg 5, t/ xfn;Dd klg
s'g} lg0f{o lnPsf] 5}g .Æ
kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof 36\b}
/ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hgu0fgfn] rf/ ;b:oLo
kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof ( nfv ^$ xhf/ / ^ ;b:oLo kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof
^ nfv #! xhf/ b]vfPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf] t'ngfdf zx/L If]qdf
;fgf kl/jf/ a9L ePsf sf/0f a|f08]8 vfBfGgsf] ahf/ c‰} lj:tf/
x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ckof{Kt pTkfbg, lgof{tdf ;d:of h:tf
cj/f]wx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg 3/]n' ahf/df a|f08]8 vfBfGgsf] k|r'/
;+efjgf /x]sf] Joj;foLx¿ klg atfpF5g\ . t/ pgLx¿
;/sf/sf] ;xof]ufTds e"ldsfsf] vf]hLdf 5g\ . s'd'b b'u8
eG5g\, æSjf/]G6fOg, Eof6 cflb ;d:of ;'N‰fOlbP of] pBf]un]
t'?Gt} ult lnG5 .Æ
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