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ljsf;sf] af6f] zx/Ls/0f

g]kfn ufpF g} ufpFn] ag]sf] b]z t xf], t/ o;sf] eljio ufpFdf xf]Og zx/df 5 . ufpFsf] ljsf; x'g pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9\g'k5{ . pTkfbg a9fpg ahf/n] dfq k|f]T;flxt u5{ . To:tf] ahf/sf lglDt zx/Ls/0f cfjZos 5 . To; lx;fan] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug'{ eg]sf] ufpFsf] zx/Ls/0f ug'{ xf] . t/, zx/Ls/0f cfhsf] h:tf] s]Gb|Ls[t, cJojl:yt / clgof]lht x}g, ljs]lGb|t, Jojl:yt / lgof]lht x'g'k5{ . o;df /fHosf] e"ldsf cx+ /xG5 .

g]kfndf zx/sf] hGd

g]kfndf zx/x¿sf] cEo'bo sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 ePsf] xf] . pa{/ v]t, ;fgf / 3/]n' x:tsnfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg, cjl:yltsf lx;fan] blIf0f Pl;ofsf cGo ;Eotfx¿;Fusf] ;fk]lIfs k[ystfÙ ef/t / ltAat;Fusf] dWo:y Jofkf/sf cfwf/df c7f/f}F ztfAbL;Dddf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf Pp6f vf; zx/L cy{tGqsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] . pkTosfsf g]jf/x¿n] sf7, wft' / jf:t' sf}zndf cfˆgf] j}lzi7tf k|bz{g ul/;s]sf lyP . t/, Tof] zx/Ls/0f u}/–s[lif pTkfbgsf] uxlsnf] cfwf/ / kxf8L cy{tGq;Fusf] cfly{s n]gb]gsf] cefjsf sf/0f km:6fpg ;s]g . dWo:y Jofkf/sf] dfqf / kl/0ffddf klg ck]lIft j[l4 cfpg ;s]g . ;g\ !&^( sf] uf]vf{nL ljhokl5 sf7df8f}F ;fdGtL zf;gJoj:yf cGtu{t PsLs[t g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s s]Gb|sf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . o;/L ;a} s'/f s]Gb|Ls[t x'Fbf df]km;ndf u}/s[lif pTkfbgsf lglDt g nufgL ;Dej lyof] g s[lifsf] Jofks txdf Joj;foLs/0f g} .
;g\ !*() / !(!) sf aLr pQ/ ef/tdf ePsf] /]n–j]sf] lj:tf/ tyf ;g\ !(@# sf] g]kfn / la|6]gsf] ;lGwsf sf/0f g]kfn–ef/t l;dfgfsf /]n–j] glhssf ef/L kmf]l/g] -a|]s ckm aNs_ 7fpFx¿df s]xL ahf/x¿sf] lj:tf/ eof] . oL a:tLx¿sf] ljsf;df /fHo ;+oGqsf] cu'jfO{df ePsf] P]ltxfl;s jg kmF8fgLsf] cfˆg} dxŒj 5 . oL ahf/x¿ g]kfnL cy{tGqeGbf ef/tLo cy{tGq / zx/ahf/ a9L cfa4 lyP . cfw'lgs zx/Ls/0fsf] aLhf/f]k0f s[lifhGo pBf]ux¿sf] ;'?cft;Fu} ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf lj/f6gu/ h:tf If]qx¿df eof] . ef/t / g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ a9\b} hfFbf t/fO{ / kxf8sf ;Dks{ gfsfx¿df klg ahf/sf] aLhf/f]k0f eof] . ;g\ !(%) kl5 ePsf] cf}nf] pGd"ng / t/fO{sf] a9\bf] s[lif Ifdtfåf/f cfslif{t a;fOF;/fOkl5 dfq oL ahf/x¿n] zx/sf] ¿k lng nfu]sf x'g\ .
kxf8df eg] zx/L ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ljsl;t x'g} kfPg . aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dd} kxf8sf dxŒjsf a:tLx¿ h:t} kf]v/f, aGbLk'/, tfg;]g, w'lnv]n, r}gk'/, bf]nvf d'VotM k|zf;lgs s]Gb| jf d"naf6fsf s]Gb|Lo gfsfdf cjl:yt Jofkfl/s s]Gb| jf ;fdl/s ¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ u9 lyP . ;Lldt s[lif pTkfbg Ifdtf, u}/s[lif cfly{s cj;/sf] sdL, b'?x oftfoft / ;fdGtjfbåf/f l;l~rt s7f]/ hflt / j0f{ Joj:yfsf sf/0f zx/Ls/0fsf lglDt cfjZos Go"gtd cj:yf klg kxf8df lyPgg\ . k|To]s ufpF Pp6f aGb cfly{s PsfO{ ‰}F lyof] . /f0ffsfnLg g]kfndf /fHo ;+oGq / o;sf sfg"gL / k|zf;sLo gLltx¿sf] Pp6} p2]Zo lyof]– ls;fgsf] oyf;Dej cfly{s zf]if0f . ‰f/f k|yfn] pTkfbgzLn o'jfx¿sf] knfog u/fof] . To;} klg s[lifsf lglDt cAan hUuf ljleGg e"ld Joj:yf cGtu{t /fHo;Qfsf ;~rfns /f0ffx¿ / pgsf cf;]kf;]s} xftdf lyof] . ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ j[l4kl5 sltko ahf/x¿sf] j:t' pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf klg x/fof] . o;/L kxf8L k|b]zdf zx/Ls/0fsf] e|'0f ;d]t /xg kfPg .

;du|dfÙ zx/nfO{ ljsf;sf] cleJolQm dflgG5 . ufpF / zx/ aLrsf] lje]b j:tL dfq xf]Og, oL b'O{aLr pTkfbg k|0ffnLÙ pTkfbgsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw, /fhgLlts r]tgf /
kl/rfngdf ;d]t u'0ffTds leGgtf x'G5 . zx/Ls/0fnfO{ ljåfgx¿n] s[lifaf6 u}/s[liftkm{ x'g] /f]huf/Lsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gsf] ef}uf]lns cleJolQm eg]/ dfg]sf 5g\ . ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] >d ljefhg, k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, j:t' / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/Ù ljlgdo, pRr hg3gTj / ljljwtf zx/sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ . k|To]s o'udf zx/ g} ;Eotfsf] kl/rfos / dfkb08 /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

t/, zx/sf] ultzLntf cfkm}Fdf ;Dej x'Fb}g . s]Gb|Lo :ynsf ¿kdf zx/n] cfkm" jl/kl/sf] hg;ª\Vof / ;DkbfnfO{ cfslif{t u/L j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg Pj+ ljt/0f u5{ . o; lx;fan] zx/ cltl/Qm ;fdflhs pTkfbg -;/Kn; ;f];n k|f]8S6_ lylu|g] 7fpF xf] . /, ljBdfg pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] 5fofF klg . ;fdGtL pTkfbg k|0ffnL cGtu{t zx/x¿ ToxL k|0ffnLsf 5fofF lyP . s[lifaf6 ;Dej cltl/Qm pTkfbgsf] e/df u}/s[lif pTkfbg / Jofkf/ ;Dej lyof] . cfw'lgs zx/x¿ k"FhLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnL / ;DaGwx¿sf kl/rfos x'g\ . k"FhLjfbsf] pb\ud:yn zx/ xf] . e"d08nLs/0fsf] clxn]sf] o'udf zx/x¿ ljZjJofkL k"FhLjfbL ;~hfnsf s]Gb|x¿ x'g\ . oLdfkm{t\ g} ljZjJofkL ljQLo k"FhLsf] pTkfbg, ;Íng, lgoGq0f / ljt/0f x'G5 . s'g} klg zx/sf] pTkfbg, pkef]u / ljt/0fsf] kl/df0f / cGt/ ;DaGwn] ljZjJofkL k"FhLjfbL ;~hfndf To;sf] x}l;otsf] 7]ufg u5{ . o;}n] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ ;du| cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfkb08sf ¿kdf lng] rng 5 .

g]kfndf zx/Ls/0f
g]kfn clxn] klg ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf sd zx/Ls/0f ePsf b]zx¿dWo] k5{ . @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/, g]kfnsf gu/kflnsfx¿df b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !#=( k|ltzt a;f]af; u5{ . /, ;+;f/sf] ‰08} cfwf hg;ª\Vof zx/df a;f]af; u5{g\ . ef/t / rLgdf s/La PsltxfO{ dflg; zx/df a:5g\ . ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] cfly{s / /fhgLlts Oltxf;n] ubf{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf afx]s g]kfnsf cGo k|b]zdf zx/Ls/0fsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f 5}g .

;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hgu0fgfdf %,))) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf !) j6f …k|d'v a:tLÚ sf] ;"rLdf sf7df8f}F, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, g]kfnu~h, jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, l7dL, sLlt{k'/, hgsk'/ / dnËjf k/]sf lyP . Ps nfveGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof sf7df8f}Fdf dfq lyof] . s'n zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ‰08} *# k|ltzt sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf / afFsL t/fO{df lyof] . Tolta]nf zx/df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] @=( k|ltzt dfq} dflg; a:by] . cf}nf]sf sf/0f leqL dw]zdf cfjfbLsf] 9f]sf v'n]s} lyPg . x]6f}F8fsf] hg;ª\Vof !*( dfq lyof] .

ljut %) jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf gu/kflnsf jf zx/sf] ;ª\Vof %* / zx/L hg;ª\Vof #@=# nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf hg;ª\Vofsf] cf};t jflif{s j[l4b/ @=@% k|ltzt /xFbf zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ ^=^% k|ltzt lyof] . oxL ultdf zx/L hg;ª\Vof a9]sf] v08df ;g\ @)!! ;Dddf zx/L hg;ª\Vof ^! nfv hlt k'Ug]5 . g]kfndf zx/Ls/0fn] ult lng nfu]sf] ;g\ &) sf] bzsaf6 dfq} xf] -x]= tflnsf–!_ . ;g\ %) sf] bzs;Dd zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vofsf] eGbf sd lyof] .

clxn] g]kfnsf] zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] #)=( k|ltzt c+z sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf kfFr zx/df a:5 . zx/Ls/0fn] pkTosfkl5 t/fO{ / leqL dw]znfO{, a9L k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ‰08} ^! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof zx/L 5 -x]= tflnsf–@_ . kxf8 / lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ^=$ k|ltzt dfq} zx/df a:5 .

;/sf/L cfFvfdf zx/

g]kfndf zx/sf] cf}krfl/s kl/efiff klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^! sf] hgu0fgfdf ul/Psf] lyof], h; cg';f/ zx/ x'gnfO{ %,))) / ;f]eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof / zx/L jftfj/0f -h:t} xfO{:s"n, sn]h, cbfnt, k|zf;sLo sfof{nox¿, ahf/, ;~rf/;'ljwf, ldn / snsf/vfgf_ cfjZos lyof] . ;g\ !(^@ sf] gu/k~rfot P]gn] zx/ cyf{t\ gu/k~rfotsf nflu cfjZos hg;ª\Vof !),))) x'g'kg]{ lgSof}{n u¥of] . ;g\ !(^@ otf k~rfot tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / o;sf ljleGg cjtf/x¿n] g} zx/ -gk+, gkf_ tf]Sg] rng a;fof] . ;g\ !(&! df hDdf !^ gk+ lyP t/ Onfd, eb|k'/, /fhlj/fh / tfg;]gsf] hg;ª\Vof !),))) eGbf sd lyof] . ;g\ !(&^ df gk+ x'g (,))) hg;ª\Vof eP k'Ug] eof] . ;g\ !(*! df oxL cfwf/df @# gk+ lyP . ;g\ !((! df gk+af6 gkf x'Fbf logsf] ;ª\Vof ## k'Uof] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g -@)%%_ n] zx/ -gkf_ sf] juL{s/0f / tf]lsg] :ki6 cfwf/ pNn]v u¥of] . o;cg';f/ gkf x'gsf nflu t/fO{df sDtLdf @),))) / kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfdf !),))) hg;ª\Vof / ælah'nL, ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ;~rf/ / Go"gtd zx/L ;'ljwfÆ x'g'kg]{ eof] . o:t}Ù dxfgu/kflnsf x'g sDtLdf tLg nfv hg;ª\Vof / ?=$) s/f]8 jflif{s cfo, pkdxfgu/kflnsf x'g sDtLdf Ps nfv hg;ª\Vof / ?=!) s/f]8 jflif{s cfo / gu/kflnsf x'g t/fO{df @),))) hg;ª\Vof / ?=%) nfv jflif{s cfo tyf kxf8df !),))) hg;ª\Vof / Go"gtd ?=% nfv jflif{s cfo x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;'ljwfsf cfwf/sf] klg juL{s/0fsf ;Gbe{df pNn]v 5 . P]g cg';f/ gu/kflnsf æGo"gtd zx/L ;'ljwf ePsf] cw{zx/L If]q xf] .Æ xfn g]kfndf ! dxfgu/kflnsf, $ pkdxfgu/kflnsf / %# gu/kflnsf 5g\ .
Go"gtd hg;ª\Vof, hg;ª\Vofsf] 3gTj, hf]l8Psf] j:tL / cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ zx/nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ljZjel/ g} dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . l5d]sL ef/tdf, hxfF hgu0fgfsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f 5, zx/ x'gsf nflu Go"gtd %))) hg;ª\Vof, !))) JolQm k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/sf] hg3gTj, a:tLn] hf]l8Psf] If]q / ;lqmo k'?if hg;ª\Vofsf] &% k|ltzt u}/s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . cGo cfwf/ eP vf; l:yltdf hg;ª\Vof sd klg x'g;S5 . g]kfndf zx/ x'gsf nflu cfjZos oL dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/x¿sf] st} pNn]v 5}g . kmn:j?k gofF zx/x¿ cfly{s eGbf klg /fhgLlts cfwf/df tf]Sg] k/Dk/f x's]{sf] 5 . hg;ª\VofnfO{ g} d'Vo cfwf/ dflgFbf jl/kl/sf uflj;nfO{ hf]8]/ gkf agfpg] xf]8 rn]sf] 5 . o;}n] If]qkmnsf lx;fan] pbok'/sf] lqo'uf gu/kflnsf #!(=( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ ;lxt g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gkf xf] . o;sf] hg3gTj !&# JolQm k|ltju{ lsdL g]kfnsf] cf};t hg3gTj -!%&_ eGbf lsl~rt a9L 5 . /, !#,%$* k|ltju{ lsdL hg3gTj ePklg If]qkmnsf lx;fan] $(=$% ju{ lsdL ePsf] sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf 5AaL;f}F :yfgdf k5{ .

ljsf; If]q cg';f/ dWodf~rn g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L zx/Ls/0f ePsf] If]q xf] . g]kfnsf] cfwf zx/L hg;ª\Vof oxLF a:5 . ;'b"/ / dWoklZrd ljsf; If]qdf s'n zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] qmdzM &=^ / &=@ k|ltzt dfq} k5{ -x]= tflnsf–#_ . clw/fHosf &% lhNnfdWo] $# df dfq} gkf 5g\ . oLdWo] k|foM w]/} h;f] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd x'g\ .

zx/Ls/0fsf] :j?ksf] hfgsf/L zx/x¿sf] cfsf/sf] ljZn]if0fn] klg lbG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fgf / d‰f}nf zx/x¿df u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ pkl:ylt 5 . @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ hDdf kfFr j6f gkf -sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, nlntk'/, kf]v/f / jL/u~h_ sf] hg;ª\Vof Ps nfveGbf a9L 5 . kfFr nfveGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf] Ps dfq zx/ sf7df8f}F xf] . oL kfFr zx/df g]kfnsf] s'n zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] #(=$ k|ltzt a:5 .

t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf kg]{ !! j6f zx/x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof %),))) b]lv Ps nfv aLr 5 . s'n zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ hlt oL zx/df a:5 . g]kfnsf ;a}eGbf a9LÙ #$ j6f zx/ @) b]lv %) xhf/ hg;ª\Vof ePsf 5g\ . logdf d'VotM t/fO{sf ;LdfjtL{ ;b/d'sfdx¿, /fhdfu{n] 5f]Psf a:tLx¿ / kxf8lt/ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf ;b/d'sfdx¿ k5{g\ . @) xhf/eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;fgf zx/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf * 5 . o:tf ;fgf zx/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof sd x'g'df jf:tljs j:t'l:ylteGbf klg zx/ cyf{t\ gkf x'gsf nflu cfjZos hg;ª\Vofsf] s[lqd cfwf/ a9L lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] efg x'G5 . w]/}h;f] gofF gkfx¿
@)–%) xhf/ hg;ª\Vofsf] >]0fLdf k/]sf x'Fbf of] >]0fLsf zx/x¿sf] cf};t jflif{s j[l4b/ ckTofl/nf] lsl;dn] clt pRr b]lvG5 -x]= tflnsf–$_ .

zx/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4 eP klg sf7df8f}Fsf] >]i7tf 36]sf] 5}g, a? al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf zx/x¿dWo] sf7df8f}Fsf] >]i7tf ;"rsfÍ ;g\ !(%@ b]lv !(*! ;Dd s/La @=% sf] xf/fxf/Ldf l:y/ lyof] . ;g\ !((! df of] a9]/ #=@^ / @))! df $=)# k'Uof] . cyf{t\ %) jif{cl3 sf7df8f}Fkl5sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/ sf7df8f}FeGbf ;f9] b'O{ u'0ff dfq ;fgf] lyof] eg] clxn] rf/ u'0ff ;fgf] ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] zx/Ls/0f Psf]xf]/f] lsl;dn] s]Gb|Ls[t x'Fb} uO/x]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0f xf] of] .

zx/x¿sf] cfly{s cfwf/
zx/x¿sf] cfly{s cfwf/sf] hfgsf/L If]qut /f]huf/Lsf] 9fFrfn] lbG5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ b]zsf] s'n zx/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ‰08} PsltxfO{ c+z s[lif jf To;;Fu ;Da4 If]qdf ;+nUg 5 . g]kfnsf zx/x¿sf] d"n cfly{s cfwf/ Jofkf/ / ;]jf xf], h;df $^ k|ltzt ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof vkt ePsf] 5 .

k|b]zut lx;fan] x]bf{ kj{tLo k|b]zsf @) dWo] !% gkfx¿df %) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof s[lifd} cfl>t b]lvG5 . bz/yrGb, cd/u9L, lbkfon, vfFbjf/L, jflnª, k'tnLahf/, kgf}tL, k[YjLgf/fo0fh:tf gkfx¿df t s[lifdf ;+nUg ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof ^) k|ltzt eGbf a9L 5 . leqL dw]zsf sdnfdfO{, lqh'uf / l;/fxf h:tf gkfx¿df klg cfwfeGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof s[lifd} ;+nUg 5 . %* dWo] !@ gkfx¿df dfq pTkfbgd"ns pBf]udf ;+nUg hgzlQm @% k|ltzt eGbf dfly 5 . g]kfnsf 7"nf / ;fk]lIft b[li6n] k|foM k'/fgf zx/x¿sf] k|d'v cfly{s cfwf/ Jofkf/, ljQLo, JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ;]jf g} xf] . o:tf !$ zx/x¿df sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, nlntk'/, g]kfnu~h, l;4fy{gu/, jL/u~h, a'6jn, kf]v/f, w/fg, x]6f}F8f / hgsk'/ nufot k5{g\ . oL zx/x¿df %) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;lqmo hgzlQm Jofkf/ / ;]jfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfn] b]vfpF5 -x]= tflnsf–$_ . zx/x¿sf] a9\bf] cfsf/;Fu} Jofkf/÷;]jf / pBf]usf] If]qdf ;+nUgtf a9\g] / s[lifdf ;+nUgtf 36\g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

hg;ª\Vofsf] d'Vo ;|f]tM a;fOF;/fO
zx/L hg;ª\Vof a9\g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿– k|fs[lts j[l4b/, gofF zx/sf] :yfkgf, eO/x]sf zx/sf] lj:tf/ / a;fOF;/fO x'g\ . Ps cg'dfg cg';f/ ;g\ !(*!–(! sf] bz jif{df zx/df ylkPsf] ‰08} ^* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] ;|f]t log} sf/0f lyP . ;g\ @))! sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ zx/L hg;ª\Vofdf cGo lhNnf / ljb]zdf hGd]sfsf] b]g #)=! k|ltzt 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf zx/x¿sf of] k|ltzt #*=% / sf7df8f}F dxfgu/df $$=! 5 . cyf{t\ sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf leq a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s !)) hgfdf %^ dfq ToxfF hlGdPsf x'g\ eg] afFsL c¿ lhNnf jf ljb]zdf . o;/L hGdhft a;fOF;/fOåf/f a9L k|efljt zx/x¿dWo] kxf8df kf]v/f -##=$Ü_, leqL dw]zdf e/tk'/ -$%=@Ü_ / x]6f}F8f -#%=&Ü_Ù t/fO{df w/fg -$^=!Ü_, O6x/L -$$=$Ü_, a'6jn -%@=(Ü_, bds -#(=$Ü_ / dx]Gb|gu/ -#*=$Ü_ cflb kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf zx/x¿df ljb]zdf hGd]sfsf] cflwSo qmdzM jL/u~h -!@=(Ü_, l;4fy{gu/ -!!=!Ü_, eb|k'/ -!!=^Ü_ / uf}/ -!)=%Ü_ df 5 . zx/sf] cfsf/ cg';f/ x]bf{ hGdhft a;fOF;/fO >]0fL ! sf gkfx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L -#&=*Ü_ / >]0fL $ sf gkfx¿df ;a}eGbf sd -!@=(Ü_ 5 .

zx/x¿sf] cjl:ylt / ;~hfn
cjl:yltsf lx;fan] g]kfndf ;fw/0ftof kfFr k|sf/sf zx/ 5g\ . pkTosfsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|x¿ . ef/tLo ;Ldf glhssf e"–aGb/ufx / Jofkfl/s–cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x¿Ù h:t} lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jL/u~h, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L . kxf8 k|j]z gfsfdf cjl:yt t/fO{ / leqL dw]zsf zx/x¿Ù h:t} w/fg, x]6f}F8f, e/tk'/, a'6jn, 3f]/fxL, t'n;Lk'/ cflb . k"j{–klZrd / blIf0f–pQ/ /fhdfu{df cjl:yt zx/x¿Ù h:t} bds, d]rLgu/, O6x/L, Og?jf, nfxfg, dx]Gb|gu/, jflnª, :ofª\hf, Jof;gu/ cflb . oL afx]s /fhdfu{åf/f k|efljt krf;f}F c¿ ahf/ s]Gb|x¿ 5g\, h;n] plrt k"jf{wf/ / pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; x'g;s] zx/L ¿k kfpg ;S5g\ . kxf8sf k|zf;sLo / ljsf; s]Gb|x¿ h:t}, kf]v/f, wgs'6f, jL/]Gb|gu/, lbkfon cflb . ;fk]lIfs ¿kn] 7"nf] k|efj If]qsf] s]Gb|Lo :yn / k|fb]lzs ;]jf s]Gb| ag]sf] kf]v/f afx]s of] ju{df kg]{ cGo zx/x¿sf] ljsf; ck]lIft lx;fan] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

k"j{df lj/f6gu/–w/fg, dWodf jL/u~h–x]6f}F8f–e/tk'/–sf7df8f}F / klZrddf l;4fy{gu/–a'6jn–kf]v/f g]kfnsf] zx/Ls/0fsf k|fb]lzs d]?b08sf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . dWoklZrd / ;'b"/klZrddf o:tf] d]?b08 ljsl;t x'g afFsL g} 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;8ssf] ;~hfn / k|zf;lgs k"jf{wf/n] g} g]kfnL zx/x¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ d"n¿kdf k|efljt u/]sf] yfxf x'G5 . ljQLo n]gb]g / ;]jf÷;'ljwfsf] ;3gtf / ljlzi6tfsf b[li6n] sf7df8f}Fsf] :yfg ;jf]{kl/ x'g' t :jfefljs g} xf] . t/, of] ;3gtf / ljlzi6tfn] k|fb]lzs ljsf;sf] ;Gt'ngsf] /fli6«o p2]Zosf] k|flKtdf k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] tYo klg :ki6 5 .

zx/ ufpF aGg] vt/f
…cJoj:yfÚ g]kfnL zx/x¿sf] rfl/lqs ljz]iftf g} ag]sf] 5 . cfjZos -h:t}M 9n, kfgL, lah'nL, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg_ ;]jfx¿sf] ckof{Kotf / :t/xLgtf, of]hgfljxLg / cJojl:yt 3/–lgdf{0f / a:tL lj:tf/, ktL{ hUuf / s[lif e"ldsf] clgof]lht cltqmd0f, a9\bf] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / ;jf/Lsf] rfk, ;'s'Daf;L a:tLx¿sf] j[l4 / zx/L Joj:yfkgdf b]lvg] csd{0otf / bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefj– g]kfnsf ;a} zx/sf ;f‰f ;d:of x'g\ . g]kfnsf s'g} klg zx/df P]g / lgodåf/f lglb{i6 / sfof{Gjlot e"–pkof]u gLlt / e"–pkof]u If]qsf] :ki6 vfsf 5}g .
To:t} kmf]xf]/ k|zf]wg ug]{ / k'g]{ :yn -Nof08 lkmn ;fO6_ tyf cNk / bL3{sfnLg vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s of]hgf s'g} klg zx/df 5}g . jiff{ofddf kfgL / af9Lsf] k|sf]k t/fO{sf ;a} gkfdf 5 . zx/L ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;d:of ;a}lt/ 5 . zx/L ;fIf/tf &! k|ltzt eP klg dlxnf ;fIf/tf vfln ^@ k|ltzt 5 . c‰ t/fO{sf zx/x¿df t dlxnf ;fIf/tf %% k|ltzt dfq} 5 .

zx/L If]qdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0f b]lvP klg u/Lasf nflu u|fdL0f / zx/L If]qsf] :jf:Yo l:yltdf vf; leGgtf b]lvGg . ;g\ !((* sf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ vfln %* k|ltzt zx/L 3/kl/jf/df kfOk kfgLsf] Joj:yf 5 . @$ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df rkL{ 5}g . $@ k|ltzteGbf sd 3/x¿ kSsL 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs If]q cfjf; -klAns ;]S6/ xfplhª_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf s'g} klg zx/df 5}g . JolQmut txdf cgf}krfl/s / dxFuf] hUuf ljsf;sf] rngn] ubf{ zx/x¿df cfjf;sf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf aLr 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . zx/L If]qdf JolQmut 3/ lgdf{0f / k"jf{wf/ -kfgL, lah'nL, 9n cflb_ k|fKt ug]{÷ul/g] lghL nufgLnfO{ /fli6«o vr{ dfGg] gul/P tfklg of] nufgLsf] cg'kft 7"nf] 5 .

pknAw tYofÍsf cfwf/df dfly ul/Psf] lrq0faf6 lg:sg] lgisif{ s] xf] eg]Ù g]kfnsf] zx/Ls/0f k|lqmof dWodf~rndf s]lGb|t, 7"nf zx/x¿df ;LldtÙ oftfoftsf] a9\bf] ;~hfnaf6 k|efljt / pBf]ueGbf klg Jofkf/ / ;]jfsf] lj:tf/af6 l;l~rt 5 . d‰f}nf / ;fgf zx/x¿sf] cfly{s ;+/rgfn] g]kfndf km:6fO/x]sf] ldYof–zx/Ls/0fnfO{ klg 5n{ª\UofpF5 . cyf{t\ g]kfndf æufpFsf] zx/Ls/0fÆ eGbf æzx/sf] u|fdL0fLs/0fÆ a9\bf] 5 . cfly{s–/fhgLlts ;|f]tx¿sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f / To;nfO{ ;3fpg] pTkfbgsf ;DaGw / k|0ffnLsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ g]kfnsf] zx/Ls/0f Jofks x'g;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] zx/Ls/0f pTkfbs -h]g]/]l6e_ eGbf klg k/f>dL -Kof/f;fOl6s_ ePsf] 5 .

Pl;ofnL ljsf; AofÍsf lglDt ;g\ @))) df ul/Psf] Pp6f cWoog cg';f/ g]kfnsf] zx/L cy{tGqn] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf s/La $% k|ltzt of]ubfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm zx/L ufx{:Yo pTkfbg k|ltJolQm u|fdL0f ufx{:Yo pTkfbgeGbf ;f9] rf/ u'0ffeGbf a9L 5 . u/LaLsf] dfqf u|fdL0f If]qsf] $$ k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf zx/L If]qdf @# k|ltzt dfq 5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf yf]/} 7"nf zx/x¿df g} cfly{s ;|f]t, zlQm, ;]jf / ;'ljwf s]lGb|t ePsf] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . logdf klg sf7df8f}F–nlntk'/ gu/ If]qdf oL ;|f]t / ;'ljwfsf] c;fdfGo / ljlzi6 s]Gb|Ls/0f 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf eO/x]sf] tLj| / clgolGqt zx/L lj:tf/ pkTosfdf cgfjZos ¿kdf s]lGb|t cfly{s cj;/s} k|ltkmn xf] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] cWoog cg';f/ ;g\ !(*% / @))) sf aLr pkTosfsf] s[lif e"ld ^$Ü af6 36]/ $@Ü df ‰/]sf] 5 .

ljsf;sf nflu zx/Ls/0f
…g]kfn ufpF g} ufpFn] el/Psf] b]z xf] / g]kfnsf] ljsf; eg]s} u|fdL0f ljsf; xf]Ú eGg] egfO g]kfnsf] j:t'ut oyfy{;Fu d]n vfFb}g . oyfy{ t s] xf] eg] pTkfbg ga9fO{ u|fdL0f ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf lglDt ;–;fgf ahf/ s]Gb| / zx/L ;~hfnsf] ljsf; x'g} k5{ . ahf/n] g} u|fdL0f pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg k|f]T;flxt u5{ . ;fy} u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg tyf ToxfF nufgLsf] ;Defjgf / cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu klg zx/Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . Ps lx;fan] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug'{ eg]s} ufpFsf] zx/Ls/0f ug'{ xf] .

oftfoftsf] ;~hfnsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} g]kfndf lgjf{xd'vL s[lifsf] cGTo x'Fb}5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fIf/ / lzlIft hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4;Fu;Fu} /f]huf/Lsf j}slNks pkfox¿sf] vf]hL tLj| x'Fb}5 . s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f lagf u|fdL0f v]tLn] cfˆgf] t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds kmfObf lng;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . kxf8L s[lifdf j}slNks afnLx¿ -kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, ljhg cflb pRr d"Nosf afnL_ / cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf cfwf/df s[lif / u}/–s[lif /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf gu/] k|fb]lzs a;fOF;/fOsf] kl/0ffd / ult a9\g] lglZrt 5 . ;g\ !((! df kxf8af6 t/fO{df cfhGd a;fOF ;g]{ -g]6 nfOkm 6fOd dfOu|]G6_ sf] v'b ;ª\Vof ( nfv eGbf a9L lyof] . eljiodf of] ;ª\Vof c‰} a9\g]5 . a;fOF;/fO cfkm}Fdf ;d:of x}g, ;d:ofsf] lgsf; vf]Hg] k|oTg xf] . zx/Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 o:tf] lgsf; tL k|b]zx¿d} vf]Hg' cfjZos 5 hxfFaf6 a;fOF;/fO tLj| aGb}5 / hxfF pTkfbg ljljwLs/0f / ljlzi6Ls/0fsf ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf klg s[lifdf rfk a9\bf] 5 . of] rfknfO{ l:y/ /fVg jf sd ug{ /f]huf/Lsf j}slNks pkfox¿sf] vf]hL / lj:tf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf] /f]huf/L s[lifhGo pBf]ux¿sf] lj:tf/af6, s[lifsf nflu k"/s j:t', ;]jf / k|ljlwsf] pknAwtfaf6 / cGo ;Defljt u}/s[lif pBf]u / ;]jfsf] lj:tf/af6} ;Dej x'G5 .

ljleGg ef}uf]lns k|b]zdf ljBdfg ljifd c;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt 36fpg klg zx/Ls/0f ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf] pNn]v rf}yf] of]hgf -;g\ !(&)–&%_ df k|:tfljt / xfn lal;{;lsPsf], k|fb]lzs ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf lyof] . Tolta]nf zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg / k|b]z ljz]ifsf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ d"t{ t'Nofpg cfjZos nufgL s]lGb|t ug]{ dg;fon] ljsf; s]Gb| / ljsf; ljGb'sf] rog klg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljs]Gb|Ls[t zx/Ls/0faf6 dfq k|fb]lzs ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;3fp ldN5 eGg] cjwf/0ff To;df ‰Ns]sf] lyof] . t/, k|fb]lzs ljsf;sf] of] /0fgLltn] /fli6«o /fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf] x}l;ot g} kfPg . clxn] kms]{/ x]bf{ dWoklZrd kxf8af6 ;Ns]sf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x / b]zsf] c;d~h;k"0f{ /fhgLlts / cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ k|fb]lzs ljsf; / ljs]lGb|t zx/Ls/0fsf] Tof] gvf]lnPsf] af6f];Fu hf]8\g klg ;lsG5 .
zx/Ls/0fsf] ult cy{tGqsf] ljsf;;Fu} rnfodfg x'g] xf] . t/, g]kfnsf] ;d;fdlos l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ cfly{s j[l4b/ tLj| eP klg zx/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQ s]Gb|Ls[t g} /xg] lyof] . s]Gb|Ls[t /fHoJoj:yf, To;}nfO{ ;3fpg] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;]jf–;'ljwfsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f / cËLsf/ ul/Psf cfly{s gLltx¿sf sf/0f ljs]lGb|t zx/Ls/0f /fHosf] k|fyldstf ;"rLdf g} k/]g . ljut bzsx¿df ePsf] sf7df8f}Fsf] clgof]lht lj:tf/ / o;n] pAhfPsf ;d:ofx¿ /fHon] cFufn]sf gLltx¿s} kmn xf] .

gfkmfaf6 lgb]{lzt ahf/sf] æcb[Zo xftÆ sf] rdTsf/ g} clxn]sf] zx/Ls/0fsf] ;d:of xf] . e"ld zx/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] of]hgfa4 pkof]u / k|of]ud} zx/sf] jftfj/0fLo / cfly{s l:ylt klg lge{/ u5{ . t/, e"–pkof]u gLlt–lgod gx'Fbf / o;sf ;fdfGo lgb]{zgsf] ;d]t sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf g]kfnsf zx/x¿ b'M:jKg h:tf x'gk'u]sf 5g\ . zx/x¿sf] cfly{s cfwf/ Psbd} lkmtnf] 5 / ;DefJo cfly{s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ePs} 5}g .

g]kfndf oftfoftsf] ;~hfnsf] ljsf;n] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] tYo t :ki6 g} 5 t/ o:tf] ;~hfnsf] ljsf;;Fu pTkfbg If]qsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] vf;} tfnd]n b]lvFb}g . o;n] ubf{ zx/Ls/0f / u|fdL0f ljsf; Ps–csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g] v08sf] lgdf{0f oy]i6 ¿kdf x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

s:tf] zx/Ls/0f <
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu zx/Ls/0f ckl/xfo{ 5Ù k|Zg s:tf] k|sf/sf] zx/Ls/0fsf] eGg] dfq} xf] . s]xL 7"nf zx/df b]zsf] cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts :jfy{, jftfj/0fLo ;d:of kfgL, 9n / kmf]xf]/–d}nfd} ?dlNnO/xg] zx/Ls/0f ls ef}uf]lns k|b]zsf ;DefjgfnfO{ kmlne"t u/fpg ;Sg] ljs]lGb|t zx/Ls/0f < k|To]s vfnsf] zx/Ls/0fn] Pp6f d"No klg r'sfpg' k5{ . zx/Ls/0fsf] k|Zg cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ x]g]{ / cfsng ug]{, b]zsf] zf;sLo ;+/rgf / /fhgLltnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt lbzf lbg] k|Zg klg xf] . o;df /fHosf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . oftfoft / cGo ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/df ;/sf/åf/f ul/g] :ynk/s nufgL, lghL If]qnfO{ nufgLsf lglDt cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt / sfo{qmd, :jfoQtf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ k|lta4tf / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog o:tf c:qx¿ x'g\, h;åf/f zx/Ls/0fsf] ult, lbzf / k|sf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;lsG5 . dfly elgP‰}F g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ljs]Gb|Ls[t zx/Ls/0f ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5, t/ s] of] cjZo+efjL klg 5 < of] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] 7]ufg /fHon] v]Ng'kg]{ / v]Ng] e"ldsfn] ug]{5 .

-8f= zdf{ s]Gb|Lo e"uf]n ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k"j{ k|fWofks x'g\ ._