l/kf]6{÷cfFvf
pkrf/
cfFvfdf pGglt
cfFvfsf] pkrf/df g]kfn cu'jf / cfTdlge{/
x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;LdfjtL{ If]qsf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿df *)
k|ltzt;Dd ef/tLo la/fdLn] ;]jf lng yfn]kl5 c:ktfnx¿ cfly{s
lx;fan] klg alnof ePsf 5g\ .
• d's'n
x'dfufOF
ls/0f kf08] |
| oxfF ax';ª\Vos la/fdL ef/taf6 cfpF5g\
. /, hfgsL cfFvf c:ktfn, hgsk'/df k+lQma4 cfFvfsf la/fdLx¿
. |
s'g} klg
g]kfnLn] cfFvfsf] pkrf/ ug{ ljb]z t s], /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F g} wfO/xg'
klg kb}{g . Onfd–‰fkfaf;Ln] latf{df]8sf] d]rL cfFvf
pkrf/ s]Gb| / 8f]6L–s}nfnLaf;Ln] wgu9Lsf] u]6f c:ktfndf cfFvfsf]
h'g;'s} /f]usf] pkrf/ u/fpg ;S5g\ . :jf:Yosf cGo sltko If]qdf
k5fl8 g} /x]sf] g]kfnn] cfFvfsf] pkrf/df l5d]sLx¿nfO{ ;d]t
;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 . t/fO{sf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿ k|To]s jif{
Ps nfveGbf a9L ef/tLo la/fdLx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpF5g\ .
cfFvf pkrf/ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ultzLn :jf:Yo ;]jf 7xl/Psf]
5 . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf w]/} c:ktfn / :jf:Yo s]Gb| cfFvfs} 5g\ .
tLg bzscl3;Dd sf7df8f}Fsf] jL/ c:ktfn / lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh / kf]v/fsf
c:ktfndf dfq} cfFvfsf] pkrf/ x'GYof] . kf]v/fb]lv klZrddf t
cfFvf pkrf/ ug]{ s'g} ;+:yf g} lyPgg\ . lj=;+= @)#) af6 lj:tf/
x'g yfn]sf] cfFvf pkrf/ clxn] !& j6f cfFvf c:ktfn / #@ j6f pkrf/
s]Gb|;lxt b]zel/ km}lnPsf] 5 . !! j6f c~rndf sDtLdf Ps–Ps
j6f cfFvf c:ktfn 5g\ . #) jif{cl3 jif{sf] ;ft ;o cfFvfsf] zNolqmof
x'g] g]kfndf ;g\ @))# df ! nfv $& xhf/ zNolqmof eof] .
klxn] jif{df tLg–rf/ j6f cfFvf lzlj/ a:g] g]kfndf clxn] ;o
eGbf a9L cfFvf lzlj/ a:5g\ / ltgaf6 ljs6 / b'u{d lhNnf÷ufpFsf
hgtfx¿n] pkrf/ kfPsf 5g\ . tLg bzsdf cfFvf ljz]if1sf]
;ª\Vof ;ft hgfaf6 !!) k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf rf/ j6f :jf:Yo
lzIf0f ;+++:yfdf cfFvfsf] kf]i6 u|fh'o6 tx -Pd8L_ ;Ddsf] k9fO x'G5 .
 ;u/dfyf
rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfn |
| nfxfgl:yt ;u/dfyf rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfnsf]
rf}/df zNolqmofkl5 Pslqt la/fdLx¿ . |
t/fO{sf k|d'v zx/x¿ latf{df]8, bds, lj/f6gu/,
nfxfg, jL/uGh, uf}/, e/tk'/, l;4fy{gu/ -e}/xjf_, t'N;Lk'/, wgu9L,
g]kfnu~hdf @% b]lv %%) z}o\of;Ddsf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿ 5g\ .
nfxfgsf] ;u/dfyf rf}w/L c:ktfn g]kfns} ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfFvf c:ktfn
xf] . $!) z}øof ePsf] / %%) z}o\of;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg]
of] c:ktfnsf z}o\of k|foM ;w}F el/e/fp /xg] u/]sf] c:ktfnsf sfo{qmd
lgb]{zs cna|]i6 x]lgu atfpF5g\ . ;g\ @))# df of] c:ktfnsf]
alx/Ë ;]jf -cf]kL8L_df cfpg] /f]uLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
! nfv @@ xhf/ lyof] . To:t} @@) z}o\of ePsf] n'lDagL /0f–clDasf
c:ktfndf ! nfv !% xhf/ /f]uLx¿ cf]kL8Ldf cfPsf lyP .
c:ktfn gePsf 7fpFdf cfFvf pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿n] c:ktfn ;/x pkrf/
lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfg
cfFvf pkrf/df g]kfnsf] k|ultsf k5fl8 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . klxnf] cfFvf c:ktfn vf]Ng] sfd xf];\
of cfFvf leq …OG6«fcs'n/ n]G;Ú -cfO{cf]Pn_ /fv]/
df]tLlaGb'sf] zNolqmofdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg], gofF–gofF
kxnx¿ u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6} ePsf 5g\ .
s]xL ;/sf/L c:ktfnsf zfvfx¿df ;Lldt cfFvf pkrf/
;]jfnfO{ b]zJofkL agfpg], bIf hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{, /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo /fvL ltgnfO{ cfFvf pkrf/df nufpg]
sfd g]kfn g]qHof]lt ;+3sf] kxndf ePsf] xf] . cfFvf lzlj/dfkm{t\
b]zJofkL pkrf/ k'¥ofpg] sfdsf] ;'?cft klg ;+3n] g} u¥of] .
;/sf/n] ?=#@ b}lgs eQf lbPsf] a]nf lzlj/df 8fS6/x¿nfO{ cfslif{t
ug{ ;+3n] ?=%)) eQf lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F aflx/sf cfFvf
c:ktfn / s]Gb|x¿ ljb]zL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ PsPs c~rnsf]
lhDdf lbg] g]qHof]lt ;+3s} /0fgLltsf cfwf/df :yfkgf ul/Psf lyP .
ls/0f kf08] |
| kxf8L If]qsf afl;GbfnfO{ 3'DtL cfFvf lzlj/n]
7"nf] u'g nufPsf] 5 . g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Låf/f n]skm;f{,
;'v]{tdf xfn} ;~rflnt cfFvf lzlj/df df]tLlaGb'sf] zNolqmofkl5
a[4fx¿ . |
;/sf/L x:tIf]k gx'g' klg cfFvf pkrf/df g]kfnsf] k|ultsf]
Pp6f sf/0f xf] . ;/sf/L e"ldsf sd x'Fbf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n]
:jtGq ¿kn] sfd ug{ kfPsf] atfpFb} g]kfnsf] cfFvf pkrf/df
cu|0fL lrlsT;s Pj+ g]kfn g]qHof]lt ;+3sf cWoIf 8f= /fdk|;fb kf]v/]n
eG5g\, æxfdLn] slxNo} ;/sf/;Fu cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu xft k;f/]gf}F .
/, pgLx¿sf] cfb]z dfGg'kg]{ jf x:tIf]k x'g] l:ylt klg cfPg .
c:ktfn :yfkgf ug]{, pks/0f lsGg], hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{, vr{ Joxf]g]{
/ To;nfO{ :jfanDaL agfP/ rnfpg];Ddsf ;a} lhDdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{
lbofF} . o;/L g} k|foM ;a} c~rndf cfFvf c:ktfn ag]sf x'g\ .Æ
g]qHof]lt ;+3 cGtu{tsf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿df clxn]
8]9 bh{g cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ cfa4 5g\ .
To;afx]s ltnuËf cfFvf s]Gb|, g]kfn cfFvf c:ktfn, nfoG; cfOs]o/
;]G6/, aLkL sf]O/fnf nfoG; ;]G6/ km/ cKyflNds :68Lh h:tf ;+:yfx¿
klg cfFvf pkrf/df ;lqmo 5g\ .
l5d]sLnfO{ ;d]t ;]jf
pQ/ ef/tsf vf;u/L laxf/, pQ/k|b]z / klZrdaËfnsf cfFvfsf la/fdLx¿nfO{
g]kfnL cfFvf c:ktfndf tfGg' g]kfnsf] cfFvf pkrf/ ;]jfn] xfl;n u/]sf]
k|d'v pknlAw xf] . ;g\ *) sf] bzs;Dd t/fO{ If]qsf g]kfnLx¿
cfFvf pkrf/sf nflu ef/t, pQ/k|b]zsf] l;tfk'/ hfGy] eg] clxn] ef/tLox¿
cfFvfsf] pkrf/ u/fpg t/fO{sf cfFvf c:ktfndf cfpF5g\ . oL c:ktfnx¿df
^) k|ltzt cfFvfsf] zNolqmof ef/tLox¿sf] x'G5 . g]kfn
g]qHof]lt ;+3sf cg';f/, ;g\ @))# df zNolqmof ul/Psf ! nfv $&
xhf/ la/fdLdWo] ** xhf/ #*( hgf ef/tLo lyP .
;u/dfyf rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfn–nfxfg . |
t/fO{ / leqL dw]zsf !! j6f cfFvf c:ktfnsf k|d'v …SnfOG6Ú
ef/tLox¿ g} x'g\ . nfxfgsf] ;u/dfyf rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfndf
ef/taf6 a; l/he{ u/]/ la/fdLx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . laxf/sf
uf]kfnuGh, sl6of/, lzjfg h:tf 7fpFdf ef? !% ;odf la/fdLx¿nfO{
nfxfg n}hfg], zNolqmof u/fpg] / lkmtf{ Nofpg] sfd ug]{ Ph]G6x¿
g} 5g\ .
;u/dfyf rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfnsf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs 8f=
x]lgu eG5g\, æb}lgs rf/–kfFr ;o ef/tLox¿ oxfF
cfFvf hFrfpg cfpF5g\ .Æ l;4fy{gu/df /x]sf] /0f–clDasf
cfFvf c:ktfnsf k|d'v 8f= cd/ b]phfsf cg';f/ ;f] c:ktfnsf] cf]kL8Ldf
^% k|ltzt la/fdL ef/tLo / *) k|ltzt zNolqmof ef/tLos} x'G5 .
;g\ @))# df ;u/dfyf rf}w/L cfFvf c:ktfn / n'lDagL /0f–clDasf
cfFvf c:ktfndf qmdzM $$ xhf/ @)) / @@ xhf/ ^^% ef/tLosf] zNolqmof
ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf c:ktfndf ef/tLo la/fdLsf] a9\bf] rfksf]
k|d'v sf/0f pQ/ ef/tdf :t/Lo cfFvf c:ktfn gx'g' xf] . ToxfFeGbf
/fd|f] pkrf/ ug]{ x'gfn] t/fO{sf g]kfnL cfFvf c:ktfnx¿n]
ef/tLo la/fdLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/]sf x'g\ .
/0fclDasf cfFvf c:ktfn–e}/xjf . |
ef/tLox¿ t/fO{sf cfFvf c:ktfndf cfpg'sf] csf]{
sf/0f ;:tf] z'Ns xf] . nfxfgdf df]tLlaGb'sf] zNolqmof n]G;
/ cf}iflw vr{;lxt ?=()) d} x'G5 . /0f–clDasf c:ktfndf
df]tLlaGb'sf] zNolqmof g]kfnLsf] ?=!* ;o / ef/tLosf] ?=@! ;odf ul/G5 .
t/ pQ/k|b]zsf] uf]/vk'/df oxL zNolqmof ug{ ef? *–!) xhf/ vr{
x'G5 . /0f–clDasf c:ktfnsf k|d'v 8f= b]phf ef/tLox¿
cfpg'df pkrf/ u/fO;s]sf /f]uLx¿sf] k|rf/n] 7"nf] sfd
u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . l;4fy{gu/df /x]sf] of] c:ktfnn] Tof] If]qsf]
cy{tGqdf ;d]t of]ubfg lbPsf] atfpFb} 8f= b]phf eG5g\, æc:ktfn
Onfsfsf] cy{tGq oxL c:ktfndf cfpg] ef/tLo la/fdLdf lge{/ 5 .
oxfF j/k/ @)–@% j6f nhx¿ rn]sf 5g\ .Æ
cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg ;kmn
jflif{s ?=#–$ s/f]8b]lv ?=^–& s/f]8;Ddsf] sf/f]af/
ug]{ t/fO{sf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿sf] /fd|f] kIf cfly{s lx;fan]
cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg ;Sg' xf] . /0f–clDasfsf k|d'v
8f= b]phf cfˆgf] c:ktfnsf] jflif{s sf/f]af/ ?=^ s/f]8 k'Ug]
atfpF5g\ . nfxfg cfFvf c:ktfnsf k|zf;s ljGb]Zj/ dxtf] eG5g\,
æejg lgdf{0f / dxFuf pks/0f lsGg] afx]s cGo ;a} sfd c:ktfnn]
cfˆg} cfly{s ;|f]taf6 u5{ .Æ g]qHof]lt ;+3sf cWoIf
8f= kf]v/]nsf] syg 5, æt/fO{ If]qdf !) jif{;Dd :t/Lo c:ktfn
;~rfng u¥of}F eg] Tof] cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg ;dy{ x'G5
eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] / ToxL ePsf] klg 5 .Æ
kmQ]afn cfFvf c:ktfn–g]kfnu~h . |
g]qHof]lt ;+3df cfa4 cfFvf c:ktfnsf] csf]{ pNn]vgLo
kIf xf], oxfF sfd ug]{ 8fS6/x¿n] …k|fOe]6 k|flS6;Ú
ug{ gkfpg' . To;afkt 8fS6/x¿n] dfl;s ?=%) xhf/b]lv ?=!
nfv @% xhf/;Dd tna kfpF5g\ . 8f= b]phfsf cg';f/ /0f–clDasf
c:ktfndf 8fS6/x¿sf] dfl;s tna ?=%) xhf/b]lv ?=! nfv;Dd 5 .
cTofw'lgs pkrf/ / k|ljlw
b'O{ bzscl3;Dd $) jif{ k'/fgf] k|ljlwdf lge{/ g]kfnsf] cfFvf pkrf/
clxn] cTofw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . cfFvfsf] zNolqmof ubf{
6fFsf nufpg' gkg]{ ;'r/n]; ;h{/L b]lv dw'd]x / pRr tgfjsf sf/0f
x'g] cfFvfsf /f]ux¿sf] …n]h/ y]/fkLÚ ;Dd g]kfnd}
x'gyfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf cfFvf c:ktfnx¿df sf]lg{ofsf]
k|Tof/f]k0f klg x'G5 .
pkrf/ k|ljlwdf g]kfnn] u/]sf] k|ultsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f
xf], df]tLlaGb'sf] zNolqmof . ;g\ *) sf] cGTo;Dd k'/fgf] k|ljlwaf6
ul/g] of] zNolqmof O06«fcs'n/ n]G;sf] k|of]ukl5 sd vr{ / sd
;dod} w]/} ;lhnf];Fu x'gyfn]sf] 5 . klxn] df]tLlaGb''sf] la/fdLn]
zNolqmofkl5 xKtfF} lbg c:ktfnd} a:g' kb{Yof], afSnf] l;;f ePsf]
kfj/ rZdf nufpg'kb{Yof] / /fd|f] b]Vg ;Sb}gYof] . clxn] cfFvfleq}
n]G; xflng] x'gfn] rZdf nufpg'kb}{g, zNolqmofkl5 t'?Gt} 3/ hfg /
/fd|f] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ltnuËf cfFvf pkrf/ s]Gb|sf :jf:Yo
lgb]{zs 8f= ;Gb's ?Ot eG5g\, æOG6«fcs'n/ n]G;sf] k|of]un]
zNolqmofdf nfUg] vr{ / ;do b'j} 36fOlbPsf] 5 .Æ
s]l8of cfFvf c:ktfn–jL/u~h . |
;g\ !(($ df ltnuËf cfFvf pkrf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
g]kfnL cfFvf pkrf/sf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kfOnf] xf] .
sf7df8f}F, uf}zfnfl:yt ltnuËf cfFvf s]Gb|n] cfˆg} k|of]uzfnf
…k|m]8 xNjf]h cfO{cf]Pn NofaÚaf6 jflif{s @ nfv %) xhf/
yfg n]G; pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . …cfO{P;cf] ())@Ú
cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/ k|df0fkq k|fKt of] n]G;sf] pTkfbgdf :jb]zL
k|fljlw1x¿ g} ;+nUg 5g\ . cf7 jif{cl3;Dd ljb]zaf6 dufpFbf
?=$ xhf/ kg]{ of] n]G; g]kfnd} aGg yfn]kl5 ?=@%) df kfOg yfn]sf]
5 . blIf0f Pl;of, blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;of, clk|msf /
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf @% eGbf a9L b]zdf lgof{t x'g] of] n]G; ca c:6«]lnof
klg hfFb}5 .
g]kfnsf (( k|ltzt la/fdLx¿df OG6«fcs'n/
n]G;sf] k|of]u x'G5 eg] ef/t / aËnfb]zdf o:tf] n]G; k|of]u
ug]{x¿ qmdzM %) / #% k|ltzt dfq 5g\ . g]kfndf O06«fcs'n/
n]G;nfO{ Jofks agfP/ la/fdLnfO{ /fxt / ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] >]o
ltnuËf cfFvf s]Gb|nfO{ g} hfG5 . g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, cGo
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df klg cToGt sd vr{df df]tLlaGb''sf] cfw'lgs
zNolqmof u/fpg] sfddf pbfx/0f aGg k'u]sf] o; s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/
Pl;ofsf !) eGbf a9L b]zdf cfFvf pkrf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ .
dLg ah|frfo{ |
| sf7df8f}Fl:yt ltnuËf cfFvf s]Gb|sf k|fljlws
OG6«f cf]s'n/ n]G; lgdf{0f ub{} . |
cf]‰]ndf kxf8
g]kfndf hg;ª\Vofsf] !^ k|ltztnfO{ s'g} g s'g} cfFvfsf] /f]u
5 / tLg k|ltzt k'/} jf cf+lzs ¿kn] b[li6xLg 5g\ . t/
cfFvf pkrf/sf ;'ljwf t/fO{ / zx/L If]qdf s]lGb|t ePsf]n] clwsf+z
kxf8L If]qdf c‰} k|efjsf/L pkrf/ ;'ljwf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
kxf8L If]qsf c:ktfnx¿df /fhwfgLaflx/ kf]v/fsf lxdfno cfFvf
c:ktfn / nfoG; nfsf}n c:ktfn, kfNkf dfq x'g\ . ltnuËf
cfFvf s]Gb|sf lgb]{zs 8f= ?Ot eG5g\, æxfdL c‰} kxf8L
If]qsf la/fdL;fd' k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gf}F .Æ kxf8L If]qsf hgtfn]
a]nfavt a:g] cfFvf lzlj/ / @( 7fpFdf ;~rflnt cfFvfsf] k|f/lDes pkrf/
x'g] :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿df e/ kg'{kb{5 . lqk'/]Zj/l:yt g]kfn
cfFvf c:ktfnsf lgb]{zs 8f= s]zjk|;fb clwsf/L eG5g\, æToxfFsf
hgtfn] cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf / cfFvfsf] k"0f{ pkrf/ gkfpg] l:ylt
c‰} ljBdfg 5 .Æ ljleGg c~rndf /x]sf cfFvf c:ktfnnfO{
;f] c~rnsf kxf8L If]qdf klg cfFvf pkrf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf]
atfpFb} g]kfn g]qHof]lt ;+3sf cWoIf 8f= kf]v/]n eG5g\, æxfd|f]
casf] nIo kxf8L If]q xf], xfdL To; If]qdf hfFb}5f}F .Æ
dLg ah|frfo{ |
| n]G; . |
csf]{ ;d:of, g]kfndf c‰} klg cfjZostf cg';f/
cfFvfsf 8fS6/ / g]q ;xfosx¿ 5}gg\ . clxn] sDtLdf Ps
nfv hg;ª\Vof a/fa/ Ps hgf cfFvf ljz]if1 x'g'kg]{df b'O{ nfv
a/fa/ Ps hgf dfq pknAw 5g\ . :jf:Yosf cGo If]qdf ‰}F
8fS6/x¿ /fhwfgL g5f8\g] k|j[lQ cfFvf pkrf/df klg 5 .
g]kfndf /x]sf !!) cfFvf ljz]if1dWo] #) hgf dfq sf7df8f}F aflx/sf
c:ktfnx¿df cfa4 5g\ . 8f= x]lgusf cg';f/ nfxfg c:ktfndf
w]/} ef/tLo 8fS6/x¿ sfd u5{g\ .
kl5Nnf bzsx¿df g]kfnsf] cfFvf pkrf/ ;]jfdf
ePsf] k|ult g]kfnsf] ;kmntfsf syfx¿dWo] Ps xf] . of]
If]qn] kfPsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfg, cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]u / To;sf] ;b'kof]unfO{ :jf:Yosf cGo If]qdf klg nfu" ug{
;lsG5 . 8f= kf]v/]n eG5g\, æk|;"lt ;]jf, bGt ;]jfdf
of] df]8n nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . /, ;kmn klg x'G5 .Æ
|
