• 8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

lj1fg ljrf/
df};d cfGbf]ngsf] dfq x}g cfgGbsf] klgÛ
cfGbf]ng xf];\ jf rf8kj{ a;Gt t /Ës} df};d xf] . o;kfln /Ës} s'/f u/f}FÙ Ps} l5g eP klg /Ësf] cfgGb lnpF .

k[YjLsf] lbJo ;f}Gbo{ gc6fo]/ k§ e} .
km'6L aflx/ lg:Sof] ls k'iksf ¿kdf ;a} <
– sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn

Ct'/fh a;Gtsf] cfudg ;Fu} lxdfn va/klqsf sf] !–!% kmfu'gsf] cÍdf æcfof] cfGbf]ngsf] df};dÆ eGg] jfSof+zn] cfj/0f k[i7 9fs]sf] kfOof] . x'g klg ! kmfu'gb]lv cfh;Dd cfGbf]ngsf] k|jfx lbgk/ lbg rs{Fbf] 5 . slxn] ljBfyL{n] ;8s aGb u/], slxn] k]6«f]n Jofkf/Ln] x8\tfn u/], ;8s oftfoftsf] aGb lgoldt g} aGof], x'Fbf–x'Fbf xjfO{hxfh sDkgLx¿n] klg x8\tfn u/], kf6L{x¿ t ‰g\ ;Ël7t cfGbf]ngd} pq]sf 5g\ . ptf dfcf]]jfbLsf] cfGbf]ngn] t /utsf] vf]n} dfq aufO/x]sf] 5– ef]hk'/sf] le8Gtb]lv DofUbLsf] j]gL ;ª\u|fd;Dd .

o;}aLr a;Gt k~rdLb]lv 3f]8]hfqf;Dd oxL e"lddf g]kfnLx¿ …e]n]G6fOg 8]Ú df ;fFrf] k|]dsf] ljzfn x[bosf] k|bz{gL ug{ ;kmn eP, kz'klt gfydf lzj/flqsf] eL8ef8df s'g} sld cfPg, /;/+u xf]nLsf] d:tL of] jif{ klg r'n'{Dd} /lËPsf] b]lvof], 6'Fl8v]nsf] 3f]8]hfqf / c;g OGb|rf]ssf kf;fr/] plQs} pNxf;do /x] . klZrdL g]kfndf /fhbDktLsf] :jfutdf 3Gs]sf ho hosf/ klg of] a;Gtsf] nnsf/ ljz]if x'gk'Uof] .

o;k|sf/ st} g]kfnL x[bodf c6fpg g;s]sf qmGbg, cfqmf]z / c;Gtf]if k§ km'6]/ aflx/ cfpFbf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ xiff]{Nnf;sf] eSsfgf] klg km'6\bf] 5 pxL g]kfnLx¿sf df‰df . slj lz/f]dl0fsf zAbdfkm{t\ k|:km'l6t k|s[ltsf] lbJo ;f}Gbo{ klg t/fO{–dw]zsf l;dn / knfF;b]lv lxdfn kxf8sf rfFk u'/fF;;Dd ljleGg /Ëdf /lËPs} 5 . cfGbf]ng xf];\ jf rf8kj{ a;Gt t /Ës} df};d xf] . To;}n] o;kfln /Ës} s'/f u/f}FÙ Ps} l5g eP klg /+usf] cfgGb lnpF .

/Ë s] xf] < jf:tjdf sxLF 7f]lSsP/ kmls{Psf] k|sfzsf] ls/0f g} /Ë xf] . c‰ j}1flgs zAbdf eGg'kbf{ k|sfzsf] k/fjlt{t ls/0f -/]ˆn]S6]8 /]_ xf] /ËÙ h'g xfd|f] cfFvfleq l5/]/ b[li6 k6ndf k'U5 . k|sfz ToxL 5, ls/0f pxL 5 t/ ljleGg k|f0fL / ltgsf cfFvf cg';f/ /Ësf] cg'e"lt km/s x'G5 . ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf ljleGg t/Ësf ls/0f x'G5g\ . dflg;n] b]Vg] t/Ësf ls/0fx¿ OGb]|0fLsf] ;ft /Ëdf phfu/ x'G5g\ . j}hgL eGbf j/sf] t/Ë -cN6«f efof]n]6_ / /ftf] eGbf k/sf] t/Ë -OGk|mf /]8_ nfO{ xfd|f cfFvfn] b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ . xfdL j}hgL -efof]n]6_ / /ftf] ls/0f aLrdf kg{] k|sfzk6sf gL/ -gLnf]_, xl/of] / ;'Gtn] /Ë dfq b]Vg ;S5f}F . of] dg'io g]qsf] ljz]iftf xf] . OGb]|0fLsf ;ft j6} /Ë ldn]kl5 aGg] /Ë ;]tf] x'G5 . ;]tf] b]Vg' eg]sf] ;ft} ls/0f ldn]/ xfd|f] cfFvf leq k|sfz k/fjt{g eO{ k'Ug' xf] . ;]tf] k/]jfn] ;a} ls/0f k/fjt{g u/]/ xfd|f] cfFvfdf k|sfz kmsf{OlbG5 eg] sfnf] k/]jfn] ;a} ls/0f ;f];]/ s'g} klg ls/0f kmsf{pg ;St}g / xfdL To;nfO{ sfnf] b]V5f}F . /utn] c¿ ;a} ls/0f cfkm}Fn] ;f]:5 / /ftf] ls/0f dfq kmsf{pg ;S5 . clg xfdL To;nfO{ /ftf] b]V5f}F . xl/of] kftn] xl/of] ls/0f dfq kmsf{pg ;S5 . o; k|sf/ h'g a:t'n] h:tf] ls/0f k/fjt{g u/]/ kmsf{pF5 ToxL /Ë dfq xfdL cg'e"t ub{5f}F .

xfdLn] b]Vg] jf cg'ej ug]{ /Ë c¿ k|f0fLn] klg To;}u/L b]V5g\ ls eGg] lh1f;f w]/}nfO{ x'g ;S5 . /ftf] n'uf b]Vbf e}F;L t;{G5 eGb5f}F . :k]gsf] ;fF9]h'wfO{ v]ndf klg /ftf] sk8f b]vfP/ ;fF9]nfO{ pQ]lht ul/G5 . t/ jf:tjdf oL kz'x¿n] xfdLn] h:tf] /Ë b]Vg ;St}gg\ . clt tLI0f a'l4 ePsf s's'/x¿ klg /Ë b]Vg ;St}gg\ . pgLx¿ Zofd–Zj]t -ANofs P08 XjfO6_ dfq b]Vg ;S5g\ . pHofnf] jf k|sfz b]Vg] kz'x¿n] /Ë b]Vg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f ltgsf cfFvfdf …/8Ú sf]lzsf (rod cells) dfq x'g'Ù …sf]gÚ sf]lzsf (cone cells) gx'g' xf] . Pp6f dfG5]sf] cfFvfdf !@ s/f]8 %) nfv …/8 sf]lzsfÚ ;Fu} &) nfv …sf]g sf]lzsfÚ klg x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ /Ë b]Vg jf cg'ej ug{ dflg;nfO{ ;Dej x'G5 . dflg;sf] lgs6sf] k|f0fL afFb/sf cfFvfdf klg …sf]g sf]lzsfÚ x'g] ePsf]n] ltgn] klg /Ë b]V5g\ . t/, …/8 sf]lzsfÚ dfq x'g] xfQL, u}F8fb]lv d';f 5'r'Gb|fn] /Ë b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ . cyf{t\ /Ësf] k|ToIf ;DaGw …sf]g sf]lzsfÚ ;Fu 5 . …sf]g sf]lzsfÚ sd ePsf dflg;n] klg /Ë b]Vg jf 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . o:tfnfO{ …/Ë–cGwf]Ú -sn/ AnfO08_ elgG5 .

/ftf] n'uf b]Vbf e}F;L t;{G5 eG5f}F . t/ jf:tjdf o:tf kz'x¿n] xfdLn] h:tf] /Ë b]Vg ;St}gg\ . ltgn] t h] s'/f klg Zofd–Zj]t dfq b]Vg ;Sb5g\ .

j}hgL eGbf 5f]6f] ls/0fnfO{ cN6«f efof]n]6 ls/0f (ultra violet ray) elgG5 . xfd|f] cfFvfn] o;nfO{ 7Dofpg ;Sb}g t/ sL/f, k'tnL / km6\ofª\u|fx¿ of] ls/0fnfO{ klg l6Kg / b]Vg ;S5g\ . xfd|f] cfFvfdf Pp6f dfq …n]G;Ú x'G5 t/ oL sL6 hfltsf k|f0fLsf] k|To]s cfFvf xhf/f}F ;–;fgf n]G; ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . Ps k|sf/sf] ufOg] sL/f -8«fug ˆnfO{_ sf k|To]s cfFvfdf #),))) eGbf a9L cfFvfsf] gfgL h:t} ;–;fgf k|sfz pks/0f (ommatido) x'G5g\ . hals dflg;sf] cfFvfdf s]jn Pp6f dfq To:tf] pks/0f x'G5 . o;} sf/0f c¿ k|f0fLn] h] b]Vg ;S5g\ Tof] xfdL b]Vg ;Qm}gf}F .

k|sfzsf cfwf/e"t -k|fOd/L_ /Ë /ftf], xl/of] / gLnf] -afofF_ . lrqsf/Lsf cfwf/e"t /Ë cfsfz] lgnf], kx]Fnf] / uf9f u'nfaL .

dfx'/L, eFj/f / sldnfsf rdTsf/L lqmofsnfk xfdL k|To]s lbg b]Vg kfpF5f}F . dfx'/LnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGg km"nx¿ xfdLn] b]Vg] /Ësf cltl/Qm k/fj}hgL /Ë -cN6«f efof]n]6 sn/_ ;d]t cfˆgf t/]]nLdf ;hfP/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . o;af6 k/fu ;]rgdf d2t k'U5 . xfd|f] n]sfnL efudf /ËLlj/ËL xhf/f}F km"n km'Nb5g\ . of] /Ësf] k'ik xf]nL kxf8 / t/fO{df eGbf a'sL km'Ng] pRr n]sfnL efu cTolws lsg eGg] k|Zg klg xfdLn] a'´g'k5{ . pRr kj{tLo If]qdf j}hgL ls/0f eGbf n3' t/Ë ePsf] ls/0f clws kg{] x'G5 / ltgaf6 ;fdfGo hLjsf]ifnfO{ xflg k'U5 . t;y{ pRr e"ldsf km"n km'Nbf ljz]if ;'/Iffsjrsf ¿kdf (carotine & anthocyanin) ljz]if /f;folgs kbfy{n] km"nx¿df /Ë kf]t]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] cfFvfn] 7Dofpg] eGbf w]/} k|sf/sf /Ë tL km"ndf x'G5g\ . To:tf /Ë sL/f, dfx'/L, l‰Fufx¿n] ;lhn} 5'6\ofpg ;S5g\ / cfˆgf] rfxgf cg';f/ 5fgL5fgL km"ndf rxfb{5g\ . xfd|f] g]kfnL n]s, kf6g / vs{df o:tf !@ ;o eGbf a9L k|hfltsf km"n km'Nb5g\ . logn] t n3' t/Ësf ls/0faf6 aRg] sjr cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ xfdL dfG5]sf nflu o:tf] sjr sxfF 5 / s;n] agfof] eGg] lh1f;f dxŒjk"0f{ x'g;S5 .

xfd|f] Pp6f cfFvfdf Pp6} dfq n]G; x'G5 eg] l‰Fuf, dfx'/L / k'tnL h:tf sL6ktËsf] Pp6} cfFvfdf n]G;h:t} xhf/f}F pks/0f x'G5g\ .

k[YjLsf] ;fd'lb|s ;txb]lv nueu @%,))) ld6/ dflysf] jfo'd08ndf cf]hf]g jfo'sf] Ps kftnf] tx a;]sf] 5 h;n] o:tf t/ËnfO{ 5fg]/ lnG5 / k[YjLsf] ;tx;Dd k'Ug lbFb}g . olb of] ;tx kmf6\of] eg] clgi6 x'G5, k|no x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ jftfj/0fljb\x¿ jfo'k|b'if0f /f]Sg'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . ;"o{ k|sfzsf] of] k/fj}hgL /Ë xfdL b]Vg ;Qm}gf}F . t/ gb]lvg] /Ë b]lvg] /ËeGbf a9L vt/gfs x'G5 eGg] s'/f eg] e'Ng x'Fb}g . o; vt/gfs ls/0fnfO{ dfly g} /f]s]kl5 c¿ ls/0f eg] k[YjLdf ;f]‰} cfOk'Ub5g\ . oLdWo] s]xL ls/0fx¿nfO{ jfo's0fn] lj:tL0f{ (Diffuse) u/L 5l/lbPsf] x'G5 . o;/L 5l/Psf ls/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f] cfsfz gLnf] b]lvG5 . rGb|dfsf] cfsfzdf jfo'd08n 5}g To;}n] ToxfFsf] cfsfz sfnf] x'G5 .

k|sfz / /Ësf s'/f ubf{ /ftf], gLnf] / xl/of]nfO{ tLg cfwf/e"t k|sfz dflgG5 h;df /ftf] / xl/of] ld;fof] eg] kx]Fnf] aG5, /ftf] / gLnf] ldNof] eg] u'nfaL /Ë aG5, gL/ / xl/of] ldn]/ cfsfz] /Ë aGb5 . t/ lrqsf/Ln] v]nfpg] cfwf/e"t
-k|fOd/L_ /Ë eg] kx]Fnf], cfsfz] / u'nfaL x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} lyo6/ jf d~rdf ul/g] k|sfzsf] ld>0f / lrqsf/n] ld;fpg] /Ësf] ld>0faf6 Ps} kl/0ffd cfpFb}g .

k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgfdf ;a}sf] ;a};Fu ;DaGw x'G5 . sL/f / ls/0fsf] ;DaGw, ls/0f / k'iksf] ;DaGw, k'ik / la?jfsf] ;DaGw tyf la?jf / ljZjsf] ;DaGw xfdL dflg;n] a'´g ;s]gf}F eg] xfd|f] ljkmntfsf] qmd ToxLFaf6 z'? x'G5 . o;}u/L xfdLn] klg cfGbf]ng / pT;j, clg a;Gt / jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGw a'´g ;s]gf}F eg] c;kmn eljiolt/sf] xfd|f] ofqf oxLFaf6 cf/De x'G5 .