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k|ltlglw ;ef /fHoJoj:yf ;ldltsf] 6f]nLn] xfn} /f]Nkf, ?s'd, ;Nofg, uf]/vf, ndh'ª, sf:sL, tgx'F lhNnfx¿df dfcf]jfbL ultljlw / ;'/Iff kmf}hsf sfdx¿sf] cWoog ug{ :ynut e|d0f u/]sf] lyof] . @@ j}zfvdf 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ g]kfnu~hdf ;]gfsf klZrd l8lehg k|d'v d]h/ hg/n ;lbkaxfb'/ zfx / cGo ;}lgs clws[tx¿åf/f ljleGg ljifodf hfgsf/Lx¿ lbOPsf] lyof] .
/f]Nkf, ?s'd, ;Nofg h:tf lhNnfx¿ dfcf]jfbLsf cfwf/ If]q dflgG5g\ . ;f] If]qdf dfcf]jfbLsf] 7"nf] ;}GozlQm 5 . pgLx¿n] 3f]/fxL, c5fd, ;tjl/of, l;tnkf6L h:tf 7fpFdf 7"nf cfqmd0f u/]/ y'k|} ;'/IffsdL{sf] xTof ug'{sf] ;fy} k|;:t cfw'lgs xftxltof/ klg sAhf u/]sf 5g\ . ljsf;sf k|;:t ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ Wj:t agfPsf 5g\ . clxn] To; If]qdf dfcf]jfbLsf] Ps :yfoL a6flnog, Ps c:yfoL a6flnog, # pkIf]qdf # j6f sDkgL, k|To]s sDkgL cGtu{t #÷# j6fsf b/n] ( j6f Knf6'g / %) hlt ;]S;g /x]sf] hfgsf/L lbOof] . oL ;a} u/]/ To; If]qdf s/La @))) hlt dfcf]jfbL n8fs' /x]sf] a'l‰of] .

;]gfsf] g]kfnu~hl:yt l8lehgsf] sfof{nosf] ;+of]hgdf ;]gf / k|x/Lsf ;+o'Qm 6f]nLx¿n] o; If]qdf ;Í6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff kl5 dfcf]jfbLlj?4 hoeujtL, a8Ldflnsf, s§L, huGgfy, afFs]–alb{of, u'Dofn, nDsL, /fKtL, lzlz/, d's'{bL, r'/] cflb gfddf ck/];g ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;bLo 6f]nLsf] e|d0fsf a]nf ck/];g r'/] / ck/];g ufd rfn' lyP .
dfcf]jfbL ;d"xsf] kl5Nnf] b:tfj]h cWoog ubf{ ;f] If]qdf $)) eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;]gfsf] sfjf{xLdf dfl/O;s]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿tkm{ 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;}lgs ;"qsf cg';f/ ln:g] / ufdsf] 36gf 36\g' cl3;Dd klZrd l8lehg -g]kfnu~h_ cGtu{tsf] If]qdf ;]gfsf (! hjfg dfl/Psf / *& hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP .
clxn] dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iff kmf}haLr le8Gt rln/x] klg pgLx¿sf] o'4 /0fgLlt Psfk;df ldn]sf] b]lvFb}g . dfcf]jfbLx¿ zq'nfO{ 5Sofpg], ‰'Sofpg] / cfsl:ds cfqmd0f ug]{ u5{g\ . PDa';sf] cTolws k|of]u ug]{, s]Gb|Ls[t cfqmd0f / ljs]lGb|t ¿kdf efUg] tl/sf ckgfpF5g\ . k|rf/ / ;"rgfsf] If]qdf pgLx¿ Hofb} cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . t/, c5fd, l;tnkf6L h:tf 36gfkl5 a9]sf] dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] dgf]an kl5Nnf ;}lgs sfjf{xLx¿df Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] Ifltn] 3l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;tjl/of / ln:g] ck/];gdf dfcf]jfbL kIf 7"n} Iflt Joxf]g{ afWo ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL kmf}hdf clxn] etL{ x'g] qmd 36]sf] 5 / knfog x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] 5 . To;}sf/0f ufpFsf ;–;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t hah{:tL n}hfg] sfd pgLx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . ufpFdf pgLx¿k|ltsf] hg;dy{g 36]sf] 5, t/ 8/, qf; / cftÍ eg] sfod 5 . cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf JolQmx¿n] b'j}tkm{af6 c;'/lIft dx;"; u/]sf 5g\ .

;+;bLo 6f]nLnfO{ cfˆgf] b'Mv];f] ;'gfpg Pslqt yjfªjf;Lx¿ . yjfªdf clxn] j[4, dlxnf / s]6fs]6Lx¿ dfq afFsL 5g\ .

km]l/Psf] yjfª
;+;bLo e|d0f 6f]nL /f]Nkfsf] ;b/d'sfd lnjfª k'Ubf ;]gfsf] ln:g] ck/];g rln/x]sf] lyof] . ;]gfsf cg';f/ ln:g] Pl/ofsf] t]jfªnufotsf 7fpFdf tflnd lzlj/ ;~rfng u/]/ al;/x]sf xhf/f}F dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iff kmf}haLr le8Gt x'Fbf dfcf]jfbLtkm{ 7"nf] Iflt eof] . t/, g]tfx¿nfO{ eufpg / xltof/ hf]ufpg pgLx¿ ;kmn eP . yk d2t ug{ uPsf] x]lnsK6/ ;dod} gk'u]sf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLx¿ efUg ;kmn ePsf] a'l‰G5 . ToxfFaf6 efu]sf dfcf]jfbLn] pQ/ /f]Nkfsf] ufdl:yt ;'/Iff kmf}hdfly xdnf u/]/ 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofP .
lnjfªdf hgk|ltlglwx¿;Fu 5nkmn x'Fbf c:ktfn, lah'nL, b"/;~rf/, oftfoft cflb ;d:ofaf/] pgLx¿n] cjut u/fP . /f]Nkfdf clxn] ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿ ldn]/ ;+o'Qm ;ef ug]{ / cfd hgtf;Dd k'Ug] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . !^ j}zfvdf v'd]ndf $,))) hltsf] pkl:yltdf, !* ut] df8Lrf}/df @))) hgtfsf] pkl:yltdf / @) ut] lnjfªdf @))) hgfsf] pkl:yltdf o:tf ;+o'Qm sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
xfdL lnjfªaf6 /f]Nkfsf] rlr{t ufpF yjfª k'Uof}F . yjfª cyf{t\ dfcf]jfbLsf] lsNnf 7flgPsf] / g]kfnsf] …o]gfgÚ eg]/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ufpF . yjfªn] k~rfotlj?4 klg ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] lyof] . t/, clxn] yjfª klxn]h:tf] pmhf{zLn 5}g, c:tJo:t / phf8 5 . jd{g a"9f / ;Gtf]if a"9fx¿sf] ufpF yjfª clxn] tGg]/LljxLg 5 . j[4, s]6fs]6L / dlxnfx¿ ;d]t qf;df afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . æufpFsf !) 3/ ;}lgs sfjf{xLdf cfuf] nfu], h;dWo] b'O6f dfq dfcf]jfbLsf x'g\, c¿ lgbf]{if JolQmx¿n] klg Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf 5}gg\,Æ uflj; pkfWoIf sdn /f]sf eG5g\ . ToxfF ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] c:yfoL lzlj/ /flvPkl5 hgtfn] s]xL ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ / dfcf]jfbLx¿ 6fl9Psf 5g\ . uflj;sf] sfd;d]t z'? ePsf] 5 . uflj;sf] sfof{nonfO{ ljBfno agfP/ 5 hgf lzIfsn] k9fO/x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd hDdf !^ hgfn] dfq P;\Pn\;L kf; u/]sf] yjfªsf hgtf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq agfpg rfxG5g\ t/ ;b/d'sfd hfg ufx|f] 5 . ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] /]vb]vdf yjfªdf dfnkf]t p7fpg] / hg:jf:Yo, jg, kz', s[lif ljsf;, e";+/If0f / s[lif ljsf; AofÍ h:tf lgsfosf lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿ klg rNg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf] …o]gfgÚ nfO{ cfˆg} lsl;dsf] gd"gf ufpF agfpg rfx]sf] 5 . ;]gfsf] kxndf !( j}zfvdf s/La Ps xhf/ hlt :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿ hDdf eP/ dfcf]jfbLlj?4 k|ltsf/ h'n'; lgsfn] . o;n] dfcf]jfbLsf] pb\ud:yn vnalng yfn]sf] :ki6 cfef; kfOG5 .

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kf]v/f, uf]/vf / ndh'ªsf] e|d0faf6 klZrdf~rn If]qsf] w]/} jf:tljstf yfxf eof] . kf]v/fdf d'Vofno /x]sf] g+= # jflxgL cGtu{tsf] ;'/Iff kmf}hn] xfn} dfcf]jfbLaf6 dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]h km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . b:tfj]hdf dfcf]jfbLn] /fli6«o kl/l:ylt clxn] klg cfˆgf] cg's"n /x]sf] d"NofÍg u/]sf 5g\ . k"j{ If]q -k"jf{~rn_ df b'j}tkm{ a/fa/L Iflt ePsf], dWo If]q cyf{t\ kf]v/f, uf]/vf cflbdf …u2f/ JolQmx¿Ú sf sf/0f ;Ë7g / cGo If]qsf] sfd c:tJo:t ePsf] / klZrd -?s'd, /f]Nkf, bfª cflb_ df s]xL cu'jfx¿ ;lxt $)) hgfsf] Iflt eP klg ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] p;sf] lgisif{ 5 . o;df klg ln:g] / ufd sf08sf] Iflt hf]l8Psf] 5}g .
cfufdL lbgx¿df klg æg]kfn aGb ub}{ hfg], Jofks ¿kdf ljWj+;fTds sfdx¿ ub}{ hfg], sd{rf/Laf6 n]jL / x'g]vfg] ju{af6 rGbf lng], ;Í6df k/]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ‰g\ w]/} ;Í6df kfg]{, hgtfnfO{ uf]naGb ub}{ rf}tkmL{ ljb|f]xdf ptfg]{, jftf{sf] s'/f ub}{ hfg]Æ cflb of]hgf dfcf]jfbLsf] pQm b:tfj]hdf pNn]v 5 . ef/tnfO{ cNdNofpg] / ef/tlj?4 gaf]Ng] /0fgLlt klg pQm b:tfj]hdf :ki6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Tof] b:tfj]h k9\bf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{leq 7"nf] cGt/lj/f]w /x]sf] ;xh} ‰NsG5 . afa'/fd e§/fO{n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] dWo If]qnfO{ …u2f/ If]qÚ eGg], t/ k|r08sf ljZjf;kfq lbjfs/n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] klZrd If]qdf …7"nf] IfltÚ eP/ klg …/fd|f] ;kmntfÚ k|fKt ePsf] d"NofÍg ul/g'n] o:tf] cGt/lj/f]w /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] dWo If]q, -h;df kf]v/f klg k5{_ df &)) hlt n8fs' zlQm / @%)) hlt hg ldlnl;of /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . t/, nfvfF} ?k}ofF Jofhdf nufpg], ;'grfFbL, gub, 3/, 38]/L hf]8\g] h:tf ljs[ltn] ubf{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ of] If]qdf g/fd|f];Fu gflËPsf 5g\ .
o; If]qsf] vf;u/L uf]/vf lhNnfdf ;'/Iff kmf}hn] dfcf]jfbL lj?4 dxŒjk"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ToxfF dfcf]jfbLsf] l:ylt gfh's / ;Ë7g c:tJo:t ePsf] 5 . uf]/vfsf £ofDk];fn, eRr]s, xdL{, 5fkyf]s, cf?3f6, kfn'ª, gfdhfnL 8fF8f, kf]v/Lyf]s, b]p/fnL;lxt Ps bh{g hlt :yfgdf ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nL /flvPsf] 5 . ToxfF dfcf]jfbLx¿ lj:yflkt x'g yfn]sf], hgtfn] s]xL ;'/Iff cg'e"lt u/]sf], ljBfnox¿df k9fO x'g yfn]sf], z/0ffyL{x¿ ufpF kms{g yfn]sf], dfcf]jfbLsf] n8fs' zlQm / ;dy{s kª\lQm 36]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/, k|zf;sx¿sf] l56f] km]/abnn] ;d:of k}bf u/]sf] 5 .

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;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL ultljlwaf6 clt k|efljt lhNnfx¿df ut jif{b]lv PsLs[t cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;Í6sfn nfu" ePkl5 uf]/vf afx]s c¿ lhNnfdf ;f] sfo{qmd :yug ul/Psf] 5 . hals oxfF of] sfo{qmdsf] /fd|f] k|efj b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] of] sfo{qmd ;a} lhNnfdf tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . uf]/vfdf o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t :jf:Yo lzlj/x¿ rnfpg], kfgL
6\ofÍL agfpg], :s"n dd{t ug]{, ljB't\, 6]lnkmf]g Pj+ t'/t'/] / kfn'ª6f/ aLrdf a]nLla|h agfpg] h:tf sfd eO/x]sf 5g\ .
e|d0fsf qmddf ;a} 7fpFdf ;'/Iff kmf}hsf ;d:of / ;'‰fj Ps} vfnsf b]lvP . pgLx¿n] cfkm";Fu kof{Kt hgzlQm, xltof/, gfO6 lehg x]lnsK6/ / s]xL kf]i6x¿df vfg]kfgL;d]t gePsf] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;'gfP . pgLx¿n] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ Psh'6 eP/ /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod ug'{kg]{, ef/t;Fusf] l;dfgf lgoldt ug'{kg]{, hghflt Pj+ pTkLl8t hfltsf ;d:of xn ug'{kg]{, ;"rgf k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{, k|rf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{, ;]gfnfO{ ;fwg–;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg'kg]{, k|x/L / u'Ktr/nfO{ pRr txsf] tflnd lbg'kg]{, u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ kl/rfng ug'{kg]{, cfTd;dk{0f / kqmfp k/]sfsf nflu k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{, ;'/Iff kmf}hn] ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;'wf/ u/]sf :yfgdf ljsf; lgdf{0f, cfly{s pTkfbg / Gofo ;Dkfbg h:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ cflb dxŒjk"0f{ ;'‰fjx¿ lbP . /, xfdLx¿ klg oL sfd x'g'kg]{ dx;"; ub}{ /fhwfgL kmSof}{F .