l;d;f/ 5}g t kfgL klg 5}g

x]bf{ x]b}{ km]jf g[TofËgf eOg\
dw'/ ;ËLt, sljtf / lbJo lrq algg\
kfgL ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6sf] pb\ud tTj xf]
o;y{ cfˆgf] lk|o kfx'gfx¿sf] ;Tsf/df
km]jf– :jo+l;4 snfsf/ eOg\ .
-sljtf cÍ @$, @)$$ g]=/f=k|=k|=_

8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

slj x]dGt >]i7sf] ækm]jfsf] Sofgef;df :d[ltsf] /+uÆ zLif{ssf] sljtfsf oL kª\lQmn] ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6sf] pb\ud tTj kfgL xf] / kfgL g} ;flxTo, ;ËLt / ;[li6sf snfsf/ klg x'g\ eGg] tYonfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ . x'g klg &) k|ltzt k[YjLnfO{ kfgLn] g} 9fs]sf] 5 . t}klg ljZjsf Ps ca{ tLg s/f]8 dflg;n] cfh ;'/lIft / :jR5 kfgL lkpg kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfpFbf lbgx¿df o; ;+;f/sf dflg;nfO{ ef]sn] eGbf Kof;n] a9L ;tfpg]5 . Kof; d]6\g :jR5 kfgL rflxG5 . ;d'b|sf] kfgL lkpg ldNb}g .

o; cy{df o; k[YjLsf] (& k|ltzt kfgL lkpg of]Uo 5}g . lkpgof]Uo kfgLdWo] b'O{ v08 lxpFsf] ¿kdf hd]/ /x]sf] 5 eg] Ps v08 dfq t/n cj:yfdf 5 . To;}n] tfn, lxdtfn, bx, gbL, gfnf, d"n / e"ldut hn g} xfd|f] k]o kfgLsf k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\ . oL ;|f]tnfO{ :jR5, z'4 / hLjGt /fVg] sfd l;d;f/n] ub{5 . To;}n] l;d;f/sf] dxQf / ;+/If0fsf] dxŒj xfdL ;a}n] a'´g' kb{5 . log} sf/0fn] ubf{ o; jif{ ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; -@ km]a|'c/L @))#_ sf] gf/f æl;d;f/ 5}g t kfgL klg 5}gÆ aGg k'u]sf] xf] . o;sf ;fy} ;g\ @))# nfO{ :jR5 kfgLsf] jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpm eGg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cXjfg klg 5 .

l;d;f/nfO{ s;/L a'´g] <
l;d;f/ Tof] :yn xf] hxfF kfgL ;'Sb}g, Tof] hn xf] hxfF hldg n'Sb}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ l;d k/]sf] hUuf jf lr/ld/f] hldg, bnbn] kmfF6 jf wflknf] hldg cyjf tfn, tn}of, l‰n, bx, s'08 / gbLgfnfsf] ;]/f]km]/f] ;a} l;d;f/sf] kl/efiffleq ;d]l6G5 . cyf{t\ l;d;f/ leq hn, :yn / hLjg ;a} k5{g\ . n]p, ´ofp, a'6f, j[If / t[0f cflb ;a} k|sf/sf jg:klt klg ToxfF t}gfy /xG5g\ . ;ª\If]kdf eGg'kbf{Ù l;d;f/df ;[li6 g} ;fsf/ x'G5 .

a9\bf] hg;ª\VofM 36\bf] kfgL
cfˆgf] rf/v'§] j+zhaf6 dfG5] b'O{ v'§fdf lxF8\g yfn]sf] b'O{ nfv jif{kl5 dfq k[YjLdf Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof k'Uof] . To;kl5sf] !)) jif{ k'Ubfgk'Ub} csf]{ Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof ylkof] . cfhef]ln !) jif{ laTbfglaTb} Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof k[YjLdf ylkG5 . xfn k[YjLdf ^ ca{ hg;ª\Vof 5 . xfd|} g]kfndf æs/f]8 d'6'x¿sf] Pp6} 9's9'sL g]kfnÆ eGg] uLt ah]sf] @% jif{ k'Ubfgk'Ub} hg;ª\Vof b'O{ s/f]8 #! nfv gfl3;Sof] .

t/ wf/f, kfgLsf] ;'ljwf %) k|ltztnfO{ klg 5}g . ;g\ @))! sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ nueu #* xhf/ g]kfnL kl/jf/ s'jf, Ogf/df lge{/ 5g, To:t} !@ nfv kl/jf/ 6\o"aj]ndf, @ nfv ^& xhf/ kl/jf/ d"nsf] kfgLdf / ^! xhf/ kl/jf/ gbLgfnfsf] kfgLdf cfl>t 5g\ . kfgLsf oL ;a} ;|f]tnfO{ :jR5 / lg/Gt/ /fVg ljleGg l;d;f/ / hnfzo If]qsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . ljz]if u/]/ leqLdw]z / t/fO{sf] ;Gbe{df l;d;f/nfO{ To; If]qsf] d[uf}nf eGbf km/s kb}{g . xfd|f] z/L/df d[uf}nfn] ‰}F l;d;f/n] kfgLnfO{ z'4 ug]{ / kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 .

l;d;f/ ;f/;, xfF; / xfF8Lkmf]/ nufot xhf/f}F r/fsf] ljr/0f ug]{ ynf] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cg'kd cfs[lt dfq geO{ k]o kfgLsf] cfwf/e"t ;|f]t klg xf] . l;d;f/ $*=$# k|ltzt g]kfnLsf] jf;:yfg /x]sf] dw]z / t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿sf] k|fs[lts kl/j]znfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ s8L klg xf] eGg] s'/f e'Ng'x'Fb}g . dw]z / t/fO{nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg tLg ærÆ -r'/], rf/sf]z] ‰f8L / r/f_ sf] ;+/If0f clt g} h?/L 5 . r/fsf] ;+/If0f eGg' l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f xf] . ljgf r/fsf] l;d;f/ d[t d[uf}nf h:t} xf] . oL tLg ærÆ sf] ;+/If0f gePdf pj{/f t/fO{ anf}6] d?e"lddf kl/0ft x'Fb} hfG5, e"ldut hn;|f]t k|b'lift x'G5 / lztnx/sf] afSnf] s'lx/f] leq s7\ofª\lu|g' gf}nf] kl/l:ylt x'Fb}g . aËnfb]zn] ef]u]sf] cf;]{lgs ljif k|sf]k sxLF o:t} jftfj/0f ljgf;;Fu ;DalGwt t 5}g < of] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo xf] g]kfnsf] nflu klg .

g]kfnsf l;d;f/ / hnfzo
g]kfn :jefj}n] e"ld k|wfg b]z xf], kxf8 k|wfgtf o;sf] :j?k xf] . æckf/ hn;|f]tÆ ePsf] elgP tfklg kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu kfFr k|ltzt cyf{t\ &$%@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ dfq 5 . To;dWo]sf] #=# k|ltzt dfq tfn, bx, kf]v/L jf bnbn If]qdf hd]sf] kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . c¿ %# k|ltztdf gbLgfnf / $#=^ k|ltztdf cf}n]wfg If]q -jiff{t\df dfq kfgL hDg]_ /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] æ/fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt @))@Æ n] o:t} cfFs8f cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . ulx/fO{sf] cfFs8f / kfgLsf] cfotg af/] s'g} tYofÍ 5}g . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf ulx/f] hnfzo /f/f bx xf] . o;sf] ulx/fO !^& ld6/ gflkPsf] 5, cyf{t\ /fhwfgLsf] w/x/f -%(=@( ld6/_ tLg j6f Ps dfly csf]{ 8'afof] eg] t];|f] w/x/fsf] s/La !) ld6/ uh'/ dfq afFsL /xg] u/L 8'A5 . o;}u/L 8f]Nkfsf] kmf]S;'Dbf] tfn !#& ld6/ ulx/f] 5, dgfªsf] ltlnrf] (% ld6/ / /;'jfsf] uf];fOFs'08 @$=& ld6/ / ;Fu}sf] e}/js'08 %$=( ld6/ ulx/f] 5 . oL ulx/fO 8f]/L jf afF; 8'afP/ gflkPsf] x'Fb}g .

tnfpsf] ulx/fO Wjlgn] gflkG5 . 8'Ëfdf a;]/ tfnsf] aLrdf k'uL Ps lsl;dsf] Wjlg -cfjfh_ k}bf ul/G5 . Tof] Wjlg tfnsf] kLFwdf 7Ss/ vfP/ k|ltWjlg -Osf]_ sf] ¿kdf k'gM kms]{/ 8'Ëf;Dd cfOk'U5 . Tof] Wjlg kms{g b'O{ ;]s]08 nfUof] eg] tfn !%)) ld6/ ulx/f] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . kfgLdf Wjlgsf] ult -!%#! ld6/ k|lt;]s]08_ xfjfdf -#$) ld6/ k|lt;]s]08_ eGbf s/La kfFr u'0ff a9L x'G5 . To;}n] pks/0f klg pRr:t/sf] x'g cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf cWoog cg';Gwfg / vf]hLsf] kvf{Odf o:tf ;of}F tfnx¿ 5g\, h;df slt kfgL 5 eGg] yfxf 5}g . tLdWo] #%)) ld6/ eGbf pRr e"efudf cjl:yt lxdtfn dfq klg @,#@# j6f klxrfg ePsf] 5 . l;d;f/sf] b[li6n] oL lxdtfnx¿ Tolt hLjGt 5}gg\ t/ xfd|f gbLgfnfsf clj/n ;|f]t eg] log} x'g\ .

#@ jif{ klxn]Ù ;g\ !(&! km]a|'c/L @ sf lbg O/fgsf] /fd;f/ zx/df ;DkGg dxf;lGwn] k|To]s kIfw/ /fi6«sf] sDtLdf Pp6f If]qnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf] l;d;f/ egL ;"rLs[t ug]{ sfd eof] . o:tf] l;d;f/nfO{ /fd;f/ If]q (Ramsar site) elgG5 . g]kfnsf] /fd;f/ If]q sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If xf] . ToxfF #^% k|hfltsf r/fr'?ËL kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] s}of}F kG5L ;fOa]l/ofb]lv cfO{ >LnÍf;Dd k'Ub5g\ / kms{G5g\ . o;}u/L cGo /fd;f/ If]qsf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lrtjgsf] jL; xhfl/of tfn, sljnj:t'sf] hubLzk'/f hnfzo / s}nfnLsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfnnfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .

;+/If0fdf ljnDa
g]kfnsf l;d;f/ ;+/If0f ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt @)%* sf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] 5, /fli6«o hn;|f]t /0fgLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] 5 / /fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf @))@ nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ;a} gLlt–/0fgLltdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf klg lbOPsf] 5 . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kf]v/fsf Vofltk|fKt km]jf, j]ugf; / ?kf tfn k|b'lift 5g\ . km]jfsf] clwstd ulx/fO !( ld6/ 5 eg] j]ugf;sf] !)=^ ld6/ / ?kfsf] ^ ld6/ 5 . e"Ifon] ubf{ oL tfnx¿ ;fF3'l/Fb} 5g\ / cltqmd0f klg /f]lsPsf] 5}g . hns'DeLh:tf tfndf/f ‰f/sf] k|sf]k klg ylkg k'u]sf] 5 . c;n} u/f}F eGg] k|of;n] klg Onfdsf] dfOkf]v/Ln] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 :j?k u'dfpg yfn]sf] 5 . /}yfg] j[If -s6';, u'/fF;_ sf6]/ hfkfgL w"kL nufO{ kfgLnfO{ 5\ofË cfsfzd'lg k;fl/lbPsf] 5 . kfgLdf 8'Ëfh:t} t}/g] ´ofpsf 6fk'x¿ ;a} x6fOof] . o;n] ubf{ ;ª\nf] kfgLdf clws xl/of] n]p k/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo df5f / b'n{e Go"6 (newt) hfltsf] hnr/ nf]k x'g] l:yltdf 5g\ . dfp;'nL h:tf] nfdf] of] peor/ k|f0fL :jR5 kfgL lagf afFRg ;Sb}g . o;sf] pkl:ylt g} :jR5 kfgLsf] Bf]ts xf] . o;f] x'Fbf xfd|f l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ zL3|fltzL3| j}1flgs cfwf/df :ynut sfo{qmdx¿ aGg'k5{, sfuhsf] 3f]8f r9]/ ofqf to x'Fb}g .