cg'kd ckf/ clåtLo g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf

r}t hfFbf] j}zfv nfUbf] ;'g xh'/ ;fnsf] kft knfof] ´ofp/] uLtsf] of] dL7f] x/kmdf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] pkof]u kl/eflift 5 . r}t dlxgfdf jif{sf] cGTo x'g], ;fnsf] ¿vdf kfn'jf knfpg] / gofF jif{ lnP/ j}zfv cfpg] h:tf k|fs[lts lg/Gt/tfnfO{ sfod /fVb} ;fnsf] kft l6Kg' jgsf] lbuf] pkef]usf] Pp6f zfZjt pbfx/0f xf] . @))& b]lv @)$& ;fn;Dd ax'k|rlnt zAb æljsf;Æ sf] cufl8 ljz]if0f ag]/ ;g\ !((@ sf] k[YjL ;Dd]ngkl5 ælbuf]Æ zAb Jofks aGb} cfPsf] xf] . cª\u|]hLsf] …;:6]g]jnÚ nfO{ xfdL …lbuf]Ú eGb5f}F . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf] JofVof cg';f/ :j:km"t{ gjLs/0faf6 hlt pTkfbg x'G5 To;eGbf a9L vkt gu/f}F eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df x'g] vktnfO{ lbuf] pkof]u -;:6]g]jn o'h_ eGg'kb{5 . o; k[i7e"lddf lbuf] ljsf; -;:6]g]jn 8]enkd]G6_ n] dfgj hLjgsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ psf:b} hfg] qmddf hLjk|0ffnLsf] k|fs[lts cfwf/n] wfGg ;Sg] jf vKg ;Sg] xbleq a;]/ dfq ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ af]w u/fpg vf]h]sf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L b]z hxfF cTolws hg;ª\Vofsf] hLjgfwf/ s[lifdf lge{/ 5 / hxfFsf] jftfj/0f jgsf] cj:yfdf lglxt 5Ù ToxfF k|fs[lts k|0ffnL -Osf]l;i6d_ sf] wfGg] IfdtfnfO{ la;]{/ lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/efiff vf]Hg'x'Fb}g . g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf ubf{ o;sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / lbuf] pkof]unfO{ b[li6s]Gb|af6 cnUofO/fVg ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf klg o:tf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf] h;nfO{ xfdLn] ehfpg ;s]sf 5}gf}F, h;sf] ljZjJofkL dxŒj clt pRr / cg'kd 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] o; æckf/Æ æcg'kdÆ, æclåtLoÆ ;DklQnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/sf] cfly{s k|0ffnLdf ehfpg /fli6«o :t/b]lv g} ljz]if k|of; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . gq ckf/ hn ;Dkbf;Fu au]/ uPsf] g]kfnL k'k'{/f]df csf]{ xft /fv]/ …ckf/ h}ljs ljljwtfÚ 6f]nfP/ a:g]5 .
h}ljs ljlwdf dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] !) jif{ laTbf / hf]xfg];ju{df csf]{ k[YjL ;Dd]ng eO;Sbf klg g]kfnn] h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{ gLlt -jfof]8fOel;{6L PS;g Knfg_ tof/ kfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . l/of] ;Dd]ngn] k|bfg u/]sf] ljZj jftfj/0fLo ;x'lnot -hLO{Pkm_ af6 k|fKt 7"nf] wg/fzL eg] o;lglDt lgZro g} vr{ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] hf]xfg];ju{df ;fd'bflos jgsf] syf nufP/ cfpg' afx]s d'n's;Fu c¿ ljsNk aGg ;s]gg\ . h] xf];\ xfdLn] cfˆgf] pQ/bfloTj / k|lta4tf ljb]zLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg' / a'‰fpg'eGbf g]kfns} @ s/f]8 #! nfv hg;ª\Vofsf] b}lgs rl/of;Fu cfˆgf] k|of;sf] ufF7f] alnof] agfpg' o'lQm;Ët xf]nf . To;}n] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL ljZj dxf;lGwaf6 k|fKt clwsf/ / bfloTjaf/] rrf{ u/f}F .

h}ljs ljljwtf s] xf] <
ha s'g} k|f0fLn] hGd lnG5, To;sf cfdfafa' x'G5g\, bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL klg xf]nfg\, p;sf] cfˆgf] ;d'bfo x'G5, c¿ c¿ 7fpFdf klg cfkm";Fu ldNg] c? ;d'bfo klg xf]nfg\, o;/L To; k|f0fLsf] Ps k|hflt sfod x'G5 . k|hfltnfO{ l:kl;h (species) elgG5 . k|hfltsf] ;Ldf /]vf k|hgg\sf] ;kmntfn] sfod u/]sf] x'G5 . b'O{ k|hfltaLr ;kmn k|hgg\ x'Fb}g . t;y{ dflg; ;a} Pp6f k|hfltleq k5{– rfx] Tof] cfo{ xf];\, xA;L xf];\, dËf]n xf];\ jf ss]l;og . sfnf], s'lx/f] / ux'F uf]/f] ;a} Ps} k|hflt x'g\ . To:t} df;L{, dl;gf], yfkflrlgof, tfOr'g ;a} wfg Ps} k|hflt leq k5{g\ . To:t} n'OFr] Ps k|hflt xf] eg] 8fFkm] cs}{ k|hflt . o:tf k|hfltsf] ljljwtf g]kfndf clt w]/} 5 / k|hfltx¿sf] Jofkstfn] g]kfnnfO{ w]/} wgL agfPsf] 5 . km"n km'Ng] / aLp nfUg] lj?jfsf %%)) eGbf a9L k|hflt g]kfndf kfOG5g\ . ljZjel/df kfOg] k|hfltsf] of] @=@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . If]qkmndf rLg g]kfneGbf &) u'0ff 7"nf] eP tfklg k'ikwgsf] cfwf/df % u'0ff dfq 7"nf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfn ;fgf] 5}g . -x]= gSzf_ o;n] ljZjsf] !$ s/f]8 *$ nfv ju{ lsnf]ld6/ e"efudWo] Ps nfv $& xhf/ !*! ju{lsnf]ld6/ e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 / of] ljZj e"efusf] s]jn )=! k|ltzt dfq xf] . k[YjL ;txsf] &! k|ltzt efu 9fSg] ;d'b| of kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] If]qsf] oxfF lx;fa ul/Psf] 5}g .
pko'{Qm h}ljs k|hfltsf cÍ / cfFs8fn] g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Ps5]p jf Ps 6'Kkf]nfO{ dfq ;d]6\5g\ . ;"Id hLjf0f' tyf cGo ;fdfGo jg:klt jf k|f0fLsf] n]vfhf]vf ePs} 5}g / ePsf cfFs8fn] klg k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{ afFsL 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] csf]{ kf6f] jf;:yfg / To;sf] kfl/l:ys k|0ffnL -Osf]l;i6d_ df x'g] ljljwtf xf] . dflg; ;a} Pp6} k|hfltsf] eP klg xfd|} g]kfnL dflg;x¿ sf]xL t/fO{df, sf]xL kxf8df / sf]xL lxdfndf a:b5g\ . ltgsf jf;:yg a]Un} 5g\, kl/j]z a]Un} 5 / kfl/l:ys k|0ffnL a]Un} x'G5 . o;}u/L 8f]Nkf, d':tfªb]lv n'lDagL lrtjg;Dd ;of}F k|sf/sf leGg leGg kl/j]z e]l6G5g\ . g]kfndf o:tf !!* k|sf/sf kl/j]z jf kfl/l:ys k|0ffnLx¿sf] klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g}df ;fnsf] jg 5 eg] s'g}df ;Nnf, s'g}df u'/fF;, s'g}df w'kL / s'g} t l;d;f/ klg 5g\ . o;/L ljZjsf] )=! k|ltzt e"efudf !!* ljleGg kfl/l:ys k|f0fL x'g' sd ;DkGgtfsf] ;Í]t xf]Og .
s'g} Ps k|hflt leq klg To;sf] j+zf0f'ut ljljwtfsf] rrf{ u/]kl5 dfq h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kmfF6 ;a} ;d]l6G5 .
j+zf0f'ut ljljwtf eGgfn] s'g} hLjfTdf jf jg:kltsf] cf0f'j+lzs u'0fnfO{ ;D‰g' k5{ . ls;fgn] k'vf}{F k'vf{ nfP/ 7fpF cg';f/sf afnL ljsl;t u/]sf x'G5g\ . ltgn] leGg afnL, kmnkm"n, kz'kG5LdWo]af6 5fGbf 5fGbf, s]nfpFbf s]nfpFbf u/]/ cfˆgf] 7fpF cg's"n, cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt cg's"n / cfˆgf] cfjZsotf cg's"nsf] k|hfltsf] j+zf0f' klxrfgÙ ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / k|j4{g u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] xfdLsxfF df;L{, dl;gf], kf]v/]nL, hg]{nL, yfkflrlgof cflbToflb u/L nueu ljleGg @))) yl/sf wfgsf hflt 5g\ . j+zf0f'ut lx;fan] Pswfgdf @))) ljljwtf o;} b]lvof] . o:tf] ljljwtf k|To]s k|f0fL jf jg:kltdf x'G5 . d':tfªsf] n'n'ufO{ / ;f]n'sf] rf}/LufO{ j+zf0f'ut ljljwtfsf Bf]ts x'g\ . o;}u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf af]sf, afv|f, xfF;, s'v'/f jf ufO{, e}+;Lsf j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf cfwf/df ljljwtf e]§fpg ;lsG5 .
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] k|;Ëdf j+zf0f'ut ;|f]t ljjfb, c;xdlt, snx / ‰u8fsf] sf/0f aGg yfn]sf] 5 . ‰u8fsf] of] aLp ;g\ !((@ df l/of] ;Dd]ngdf ;DkGg h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwn] /f]k]sf] xf] . of] ;lGweGbf klxn]sf lbgx¿df h}ljs ljljwtf s'g} /fi6«sf] :jfldTjleq gk/L ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf pkof]u / pkef]u x'g] dfGotf k|rlnt lyof] . o;} sf/0f ljsl;t /fi6«n] ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf ;Dkbfdf rnv]n u/L 7"nf] cfly{s nfe p7fpg / cfˆgf] jr{:j /fVg ;kmn eP . a|flhnsf] /a/sf] af]6 cª\u|]hx¿n] a]nfot, ToxfFaf6 >LnÍf / dn]l;ofdf h:tf cfˆgf pklgj]z If]qdf Jofks v]tLkftL u/fO{ To;af6 Ps5q nfe lng / Psflwsf/ sfod ug{ ;kmn eP . o;}u/L s}ofF} vfB tyf cf}iflw kbfy{ nufot ljleGg km"n, lj?jf / hLjhGt'af6 dfgj ;Eotfn] cfh]{sf] ljsf;sf] kmn ;DalGwt /}yfg] If]qdf k'Ug ;s]g . kmn:j?k h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;DkGg u/La /fi6«x¿df h}ljs ljljwtf tLj| ultdf x|f; x'g] afWotf l;h{gf x'g yfNof] . xhf/f}F xhf/ x]S6/ pi0fk|b]zLo jg -6«lksn km/]i6_ lbgk/lbg gi6 x'gyfn] . of] k|lqmofnfO{ /f]Sg h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwn] Pp6f gofF sbd rfn]sf] 5 .
of] dxf;lGwn] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . To; cg';f/ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] h}ljs ljljwtf To; /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ leqsf] ;Dkbf xf] / To; ;Dkbfsf] n]gb]g ug{ cfk;L ;xdltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . olQs} s'g} 6'l/i6, j}1flgs jf Jofkf/Ln] g]kfnsf] aLp, lj?jf, kz'kG5L ljb]z lnP/ hfg kfpFb}g . Tof] sfd cj}w x'G5 . o:t} afwf–aGb]h / sfg"gL c8\rgnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ cd]l/sf dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug{ dflg/x]sf] 5}g . o;df ;xdlt hgfpFbf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ljz]if u/]/ Jofkf/ / pBf]udf o:tf] c;/ kg{ ;S5M

• :jtGq ¿kdf cfˆgf] kx'Fr k'u]sf If]q / ltgsf h}ljs ljljwtfdf /x]sf] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g'
• jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg gu/L gofF If]qdf e"pkof]u ug{ gkfOg'
• h}ljs ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbgx¿ / jGo ;Dkbfx¿sf] Jofkf/df lgoGq0f a9\g', ;dfKt x'g'
• h}ljs ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u / Jofkf/df nufgL ug]{ lghL If]q xtf]T;fx x'g] l:ylt k}bf x'g' .

cd]l/sf h:tf] cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf] r'nLdf /x]sf /fi6«x¿nfO{ o:tf s]xL r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ eP tfklg clwsf+z ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿nfO{ o; ;lGwn] gofF cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/, tL cj;/nfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg 7"nf] k|oTg rflxF ltgn] ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw / ljZj Jofkf/ ;+3 -8An'6Lcf]_ sf k|fjwfgx¿sf aLr b]lvg] lj;Ëlt / åGåx¿ x6fpg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} vfB s[lif ;+3n] lbPsf s]xL clwsf/x¿ k|lt ;fdGh:otf Nofpg'kg]{ s'/fdf ljz]if cEof; x'g'kb{5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljljwtfn] ;DkGg /fi6«n] cfˆgf] ef}uf]lns, h}ljs, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf ehfpg ;s]g eg] g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf; lbjf:jKg dfq x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf / To;df lglxt cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tnfO{ ehfpg g]kfnsf j}1flgs, sfg"gljb\ tyf pBf]u / Jofkf/L ju{sf] Jofj;flos lgk'0ftf / ;+o'Qm k|of; x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df sfg"gljb\ tyf Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ ;dodf g} alnof] / ;zQm agfpg ;s]dfq af:dtL / 6]S;fdtL h:tf] d'2faf6 xfdL hf]lug ;S5f}F . xfd|f] ;Dkbfk|ltsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ s;/L sfod ug]{, c¿nfO{ To;df s;/L / s'g k|lqmofn] kx'Fr lbg], ltgsf] pkof]uaf6 x'g] cf}Bf]lus, k|fljlws jf Jofkfl/s nfesf] afF8kmfF8 s;/L ug]{ / xfd|f] k/Dk/fut ;Lk / 1fgdf cfˆgf] af}l4s clwsf/ s;/L sfod ug]{ eGg] s'/fb]lv lnP/ jt{dfgdf k|rlnt Psflwsf/ / k]6]G6 clwsf/, 6«]8dfs{, 6«]8 l;S/]6h:tf ljifodf y'k|} sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf s'/fx¿dfly Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . oL s'/fnfO{ dWo]gh/df /fv]/ GofofwLz ;dfh, g]kfnn] sfg"g Joj;foLx¿df h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL 1fgsf] gf}nf] cfofd yKg] sfdsf] k|f/De u/]sf] 5 . ut jif{ k"jf{~rn If]qsf GofofwLzx¿, sfg"g Joj;foLx¿, jg dGqfno, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;d]tsf ljz]if1nfO{ lj/f6gu/df e]nf u/fO{ tLglbg] 5nkmn sfo{qmd ePsf] lyof] . k|wfgGofofwLz nufot ;a} GofofwLzx¿sf] rf;f] / ljifoa:t'k|ltsf] uDeL/tf pxfFx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf sfo{kqaf6 hfx]/ x'G5 . ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmd rfn' 5 . g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kl/rfng ug{ xfn lgdf{0ffwLg ljw]os / cGo sfg"gL bfo/fsf] hu dha"t agfpg' xfd|f] k|fylds cfjZostf klg xf] .