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—k|sfz,dxf;lrj g]skf -Pstf s]Gb|_
dfcf] ljrf/wf/f dfGg] tkfO{+sf]
kf6L{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu slt glhs 5 <
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] lglDt afws ag]sf]] k|ltlqmofjfbL
/fHo;QfnfO{ Wj+; ug{ cGttM ;z:q ;ª\3if{ of hgo'4sf] cfjZostf
5 eGg] af/]df xfd|f] aLrdf s'g} dte]b 5}g . t/ ;du| lrGtg /fhgLltsf
sltko kIfdf / d'VotM cfhsf] d"n /fhg}lts sfo{gLlt / sfo{z}nLsf
k|Zgx¿df dte]b /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
n] pu|jfdkGyL e8\sfjsf] sfo{gLlt lnPsf] 5 eGg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] ljZn]if0f
oBlk sfod} 5 . o:tf sltko dte]b / c;xdltsf afjh"b xfdL
b'j}n] Ps–csf{nfO{ glhssf] ldqzlQmsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf
5f}F .
dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] cl3 ;f/]sf] …k|r08kyÚ
nfO{ s;/L a'´g] < of] cfkm}Fdf gofF ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
xf] ls xf]Og <
s/La Ps jif{cl3 …kf6L{sf] lgb]{zs ljrf/Úsf] ¿kdf
ul/Psf] ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ clxn] …k|r08kyÚ elgPsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ ;fdfGo sfo{lbzfeGbf dfly / …ljrf/wf/fÚ (thought)
eGbf tnsf] …ljrf/ >[ª\vnfÚ atfOPsf] 5 .
dfS;{jfbsf] s'g} Pp6f jf csf]{ kIfdf ;fj{ef}d ¿kn] nfu"
x'g] u/L u'0ffTds ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ ljrf/wf/f / dfS;{jfbsf]
;Dk"0f{ cË -bz{g, /fhgLlt, cy{zf:q, j}1flgs ;dfhjfb_ df
g} u'0ffTds ¿kn] ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] To;k|sf/sf] …of]ubfgÚ
nfO{ …jfbÚ elgG5 . o;}cg';f/ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]
ljrf/wf/f aGof] . dfS;{jfbsf] ljsf;sf] of] JofVofsf] ljk/Lt
k]? sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf g]tf s= uf]~hfnf]n] qmflGtsf/L dfS;{jfbsf]
;fj{ef}d l;4fGtnfO{ s'g} b]z ljz]ifdf nfu" ubf{ To; qmddf clgjfo{
¿kdf ljlzi6 ljrf/sf] hGd eO{ To;n] ljrf/wf/fsf] ?k lnG5 eGg]
k|:yfkgf cufl8 ;fg'{eof] . To;}n] pxfFn] cfˆgf] kf6L{sf]
kyk|bz{s l;4fGt dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / uf]~hfnf]
ljrf/wf/f /fVg'eof] .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] …k|r08kyÚ
;DaGwL lg0f{on] pxfFx¿ s= uf]~hfnf]sf] pQm wf/0ffs} cGwfg's/0f
ug{ k'Ug'ePsf] xf]Og eg]/ s;/L eGg] < sf= uf]~hfnf] k]=s=kf=sf
cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] / s= k|r08 klg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] cWoIf aGg'ePsf]
5 . o;n] klg oflGqs cGwfg's/0fnfO{ g} k'li6 ub}{g / <
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sd/]8x¿ eGg'xf]nf, xfdLn] clxn] …k|r08
ljrf/wf/fÚ t eg]sf 5}gf}F lg, dfq …k|r08kyÚ
eg]sf 5f}F, To;}n] s= uf]~hfnf]sf] a'‰fO / xfd|f] a'‰fOdf
cGt/ 5 . o;n] t ‰g\ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[TjbfoL
sd/]8x¿df /x]sf] cGof}n / e|dnfO{ g} phfu/ ub{5 .
dfcf]jfbLÚ g]tfx¿s}
JofVofcg';f/ g]kfnL qmflGtdf …dfn]dfÚsf] k|of]usf qmddf
k|ltkflbt sfo{gLlts l;4fGt / ljrf/ >[ª\vnfx¿sf] k"0f{¿kn]
k'li6 x'g afFsL g} 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf tL …ljrf/Ú
nfO{ …k|r08kyÚ sf] gfd lbg'kg]{ cf}lrTosf] s;/L k'li6
x'G5 <
k"0f{¿kn] k|dfl0ft eOg;s]sf] / ljrf/wf/f galg;s]sf]
…ljrf/>[ª\vnfÚ nfO{ …k|r08kyÚ
gfdfs/0f ug'{sf] ;fGble{stf / cf}lrTotf k'li6 x'g} ;Sb}g .
clxn] …k|r08kyÚ dfGg] xf] eg] kf6L{sf] …/fhgLlts
sfo{lbzfÚ to ubf{ To;nfO{ Tolta]n} …k|r08 uf]/]6f]Ú
jf …k|r08 pkkyÚ elglbFbf x'GYof] . lsgls qmflGtsf]
sfo{lbzf klg cfˆg} b]zsf] ljlzi6tfdf to ePsf] x'G5 / Tof] to
ubf{ g]t[Tjsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf clgjfo{ x'G5 .
csf]{lt/ …dfcf]jfbLÚ g]tf sd/]8x¿
…k|r08kyÚ nfO{ …PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ljZj qmflGtnfO{
lbzfaf]w ug]{ j}rfl/s cfwf/lznfÚ Pj+ ædfS;{jfbsf] gofF
/ rf}yf] r/0fsf] k|f/DeÆ ;Dd eGg'x'G5 / PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf
k|r08kyn] u'0ffTds lzv/df km8\sf] df/L …k|r08jfbÚ sf]
ljsf; x'g] s'/f 3f]if0ff ug'{x'G5 eg] clxn] To;nfO{ …k|r08
ljrf/wf/fÚ g} eg]/ lsg gNofOPsf] < pxfFx¿sf
kl5Nnf ts{x¿sf] tfls{s lgisif{ t …k|r08 ljrf/wf/fÚ
g} x'G5 . t/ km]l/ lsg To;/L cfpg'ePg < o;n] s] bzf{pF5
eg] …k|r08kyÚ sf] af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ pxfFx¿
s]xL ;}4flGts cGof]n / e|ddf x'g'x'G5 . …k|r08kyÚ
h:tf] ckl/kSj lg0f{o u/]/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] …lngKofcf]jfbLÚ
uNtL ug{ k'u]sf] 5 .
…k|r08kyÚ cFufNg] lg0f{o lsg lnOof]
xf]nf t <
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf …JolQmjfbÚ jf …JolQmk"hfÚ
sf] dfq ;d:of 5}g, ;fd"lxs g]t[TjnfO{ cToGt ;ÍL0f{ cy{df
a'´g] ;d:of klg 5 . g]t[Tj;DaGwL oflGqs ;f]rn] lgZro
klg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ df klg ;d:of pTkGg ul//x]sf] lyof] / 5 eGg]
s'/f ;xh} a'´g ;lsG5 . o;n] ljlzi6 g]tfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{
c:jLsf/ ug]{, …JolQmjfbÚ sf] lj/f]wsf] gfddf kf6L{
;Qf / kf6L{ g]t[Tj (party authority) nfO{ g} c/fhstfjfbL sf]0faf6
lj/f]w u/L c/fhstfjfbL JolQmjfb :yflkt ug{ k|oTg ug]{ / s]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
k|lqmofdf cj/f]wx¿ pTkGg ug]{ sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu rf}yf] lj:tfl/t a}7saf6
g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f / PsLs/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o lnof] / o;;DaGwL j}1flgs
dfS;{jfbL cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df kf6L{df b]vf k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
/ …;ª\3if{Ú n] dfu u/]sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{
lbzfdf cl3 a9\g] k|oTg u¥of] . t/ rf}yf] lj:tfl/t a}7ssf]
lg0f{okl5 kf6L{df To;nfO{ a'´g] / nfu" ug]{ ;jfndf ;d:ofx¿
hl6n ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] s'/f ;xh} a'´g ;lsG5 . kf6L{sf]
k|flwsf/ g]t[Tj (authority) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lg/ª\s'z k|flwsf/jfb
(authoritarianism) sf] ¿kdf a'´g] csf]{ cltjfbL wf/0ff
dfcf]jfbL kf6L{df ljsf; x'g uof] . o;n] ubf{ g} …k|r08kyÚ
sf] lg0f{o ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
æk|r08kyÆ sf]
lg0f{osf] c;/ s] xf]nf <
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tj / cfd kf6L{ kª\lQmsf] ;'lgot /
OdfGbfl/tf /x]sf] eP klg …k|r08kyÚ sf] of] lg0f{on]
kf6L{leq oflGqs ;DaGw ljsl;t x'g] / cGttM …JolQmk"hfÚ
sf] k|lqmof k|f]T;flxt x'g] vt/f 68\sf/f] ¿kdf k}bf u/]sf]
5 . o;n] hgjfbL s]Gb|LotfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{5 / d'VotM kf6L{leq
v|'Zrf]e / lngKofcf]x¿ k}bf ug{;S5 .
…hgo'4Ú sf pknlAwx¿sf] clt/l~ht d"NofÍg
ug]{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] of] k|j[lQn] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf uDeL/
Iflt k'¥ofpg] vt/f Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{tkm{ qmflGtsf/L zlQm–x¿nfO{
Pstfa4 kfg'{kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostfdf klg afwf k'¥ofpF5 .
lgrf]8df eGbf …k|r08kyÚ cfhsf] pko'Qm / kl/kSj lg0f{o
xf]Og .
…hgo'4Ú /
cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg] dfcf]jfbLsf] cfzo / p2]Zo s]
x'g;S5 <
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] /0fgLltdf cfd
;z:q ljb|f]xsf /0fgLltx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug'{kb{5 eGg] lgisif{
xfd|f] kf6L{, g]skf -Pstfs]Gb|_ sf] @)%$ df ;DkGg k|yd /fli6«o
;Dd]ngn] g} lgsfn]sf] xf] . a? …dfcf]jfbLÚ sd/]8x¿n]
To;nfO{ ;f/;ª\u|xjfbL atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . clxn] ;xL lgisif{sf]
kIfdf pxfFx¿ ;d]t cfOk'Ug'ePsf] 5 / of] xfd|f] nflu lgZro
g} v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf …bL3{sfnLg hgo'4Úsf]
k/Dk/fut df]8nsf] cGwfg's/0fåf/f xf]Og, bL3{sfnLg hgo'4df
k|f/Deb]lv g} /fi6«JofkL hgcfGbf]ng / dflyaf6 s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]ksf]
cfd ljb|f]xsf /0fsf}znx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg u/]/ hgo'4sf] k|lqmofaf6
cl3 a9\b} cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ljsf; u/]/ qmflGt ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] klg of] oyfy{nfO{ kqm]/ g} clxn] pk/f]Qm gLlt
cl3 ;f/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
d'n'sdf hf/L lx+;f / cGof}nsf] lgsf; s] x'g;Snf <
…dfcf]jfbL hgo'4Ú åf/f l;lh{t elgPsf] ;d:ofsf]
:yfoL ;dfwfg t cfd"n kl/jt{g g} xf] . tTsfnsf] Pp6f …;dfwfgÚ
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] g} cfˆgf] ljZn]if0f km]/]/ hgo'4 lkmtf{
lnPdf klg x'g ;Sb5 t/ To;sf] ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . ;/sf/n] bdgåf/f
of] …;d:ofÚ sf] xn ug]{ k|oTg hf/L /fv]df To;af6 s'g}
;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lg:sg] 5}g . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] jftf{ ug]{
tTk/tf b]vfO/x]sf] jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf ;/sf/n] jftf{sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
u/L cljnDa jftf{ ug'{kb{5 . jftf{n] :yfoL ;dfwfg k|bfg gu/]/
klg o;n] Psflt/ tTsfnsf] nflu …o'4la/fdÚ ug{ ;Sb5 /
csf]{lt/ b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf tTsfn pknAw x'g;Sg] kl/jt{g klg Nofpg
;Dej 5 .
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