g ‘nfdfjfb g ‘afx'gjfb

/d]zs'df/ 9'Ë]n

s'g} Pp6f kIf jf ljkIfsf cfwf/df ;dy{g / lj/f]w ug]{Ù Oltxf;;Ddt lrGtg g/fVg] / cfjZos cWoog / 1fg lagf g} JofVof ug]{ k|j[lQn] cGttM ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjnfO{ g} 3f6f k'¥ofpF5 . lx6n/, d';f]lngL cflbsf u'?x¿ klg o;sf pbfx/0f x'g ;Sb5g\ . af}l4s / k|fl1s ljZn]if0f– JolQm, kl/jf/, hftLo, juL{o, /fi6« jf ef}uf]lns / k|fb]lzs :jfy{;Fu d'l5Psf] geO{ :jtGq x'g'kb{5 .

o; k|;Ëdf lxhf]cfh xfd|f a'l4hLjL, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ df‰ lgs} rlr{t zAb …a|fXd0fjfbÚ jf …afx'gjfbÚ tyf o;};Fu ;DalGwt …nfdfjfbÚ h:tf zAbsf ljifodf s]xL rrf{ p7fpg' ;fGble{s ePsf] 5 . d}n] o:tf zAbsf] k|of]u ug'{kbf{ cufl8 …slytÚ zAb yKg] u/]sf] 5' . a]nfa]nfdf d}n] k|of]u u/]sf] …slytÚ zAbn] s;} s;}nfO{ cK7\of/f] kf/]sf] klg k9\g kfOPsf] 5 . o; ljifodf d]/f] ljrf/ :ki6 5M oL zAbåf/f lrlgg] s'g} …jfbÚ sf] jf:tljs cl:tTj Oltxf;df sxLF klg b]lvFb}g / of] ljNs'n} s[lqd s'/f] xf] .

…a|fXd0fÚ jf …nfdfÚ oL b'j} zAbn] lxGb" ;gftg / af}4 k/Dk/fleq ;DalGwt kIfsf] P]ltxfl;s, ;}4flGts ljZn]if0f ug]{ / k'/fgf] k/Dk/f cg'?ksf] sfo{k4ltdf cu'jf ug]{ Pp6f af}l4s ju{nfO{ hgfpg] ub{y]÷u5{g\ . cyf{t\ …a|fXd0fÚ jf …nfdfÚ cfkm}Fn] s'g} wd{, k/Dk/fsf] k|ltkfbg gu/]/ ;dfhdf rn]sf] k/Dk/f / wd{sf] JofVof ug]{ / k/Dk/f cg'?k g} Jojxf/ ug]{÷u/fpg] sfd ug]{ x'g\ . t;y{ oL zAb;Fu …jfbÚ hf]8]/ af}l4s ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]Hg] k4ltnfO{ dfGg' plrt x'Fb}g eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 .

o;} k|;Ëdf slxn]sfxLF …a|fXd0fÚ / …afx'gÚ a]Unfa]Un} zAb x'g\ eGg] ts{ klg lg:sg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cflv/df …afx'gjfbÚ ;Fu xfd|f ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, ljlw, k/Dk/f cflbnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/fP/ g} ;dy{g jf lj/f]w ug]{÷u/fpg] xf] eg] o:tf k/Dk/fsf k|ltkfbs cfhsf a|fXd0f jf afx'gx¿ t xf]Ogg\ Û To;f] eP o; ljifodf rrf{ kl/rrf{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ To:tf k|ltkfbssf] o'u;Dd t k'Ug} k¥of] . o; lsl;dn] x]bf{ …afx'gjfbÚ eGg' / …a|fXd0fjfbÚ eGg'df s] g} cGt/ /Xof] / <

…a|fXd0fÚ jf …afx'gÚ zAbsf] ;DaGw o; e]ssf k|frLgtd\ o'ub]lv rNb} cfPsf dfgj k/Dk/f, h;nfO{ …;gftgÚ elgG5, ;Fu /x]sf] 5 . o; ;gftg leq cg]sf}F ;+:s[lt–;Eotfsf c+zx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/f] lglj{jfb 5 . s]xL ztfAbL klxn]b]lv dfq o'/f]lkog ;fd|fHojfbsf af}l4s Ph]G6x¿sf JofVofsf k|efjn] ubf{ o;nfO{ …lxGb"wd{Ú eGg yflnPsf] xf] / o;nfO{ cª\u|]hLsf] …l/lnhgÚ (religion) zAb;Fu hah{:t 9Ën] cg'jfb ug]{ k/Dk/f rn]sf] xf] .
ljåt\ ;d'bfodf …a|fXd0fjfbÚ jf …nfdfjfbÚ cyjf …a|fXd0f wd{Ú jf …nfdf wd{Ú h:tf ljifonfO{ vfnL ;txL cleJolQmsf] ¿kdf :jLsfb}{ k|of]u ug'{ plrt x'Fb}g . o; k|sf/sf ljz]if zAbx¿nfO{ Pp6f uxg ljj]rgf / lrGtgsf] ljifosf ¿kdf :jLsfg'{ kb{5 . olb xfdL …nfdfjfbÚ tyf …a|fXd0fjfbÚ h:tf zAbnfO{ xfd|f] ;fF:s[lts Oltxf;leq ;fFRr} :yflkt u/fpg rfxG5f}F eg] xfdL cWoog–cWofkgsf] If]qdf rn]sf] ljZn]if0fzf:q ;DaGwL lrGtg (Hermenutic discourse) af6 6fl9Fb} uPsf x'G5f}+ . e|d x6fpg] gfddf e|dsf] hfnf] c¿ yk a'lg/x]sf x'G5f}F . gqeg] af}4 k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t s'g} ;d'bfo, ;dfh jf /fi6«n] agfPsf] zAb xf]Og …nfdfjfbÚ, g t lxGb" ;gftg k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t ;dfh jf /fi6«s} pkh xf] …a|fXd0f jf afx'gjfbÚ . oL b'j} zAb jf:tjdf ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf] 1fgsf] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] Oltxf; :ki6} 5 . slyt …nfdf wd{Ú jf …nfdfjfbÚ jf slyt …a|fXd0f jf afx'gjfbÚ b'j} o'/f]kd'vL ;fd|fHojfbL cfw'lgstfjfb leq n'6k'l6Psf ljåt\ju{n] pAhfPsf zAb x'g\, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] …a|fXdLlgli6s l/lnhgÚ (Brahmainistic religion) jf …nfdfli6s l/lnhgÚ (Lamaistic religion) jf …ldli6l;HdÚ (mysticism) cyf{t\ …a|fXdLlgHdÚ jf …nfdfOHdÚ sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/] . kl5, xfdLn] oL zAbsf] lagf s'g} ;'‰a'‰ …a|fXd0f jf afx'gjfbÚ tyf …nfdfjfbÚ eg]/ cg'jfb ug{ k'Uof}F . clg cfkm}F …a|fXd0f wd{Ú tyf …nfdf wd{Ú sf gfddf n]Vg / af]Ng yfNof}F . vf;df …nfdfjfbÚ eg]sf] a'4wd{ leq ljsl;t To;} wd{ k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f alnof] cË xf] / …a|fXd0f jf afx'gjfbÚ eg]sf] lxGb" ;gftg k/Dk/fs} pkh xf] . nfdfx¿n] a'4 wd{s} zf:qLo k/Dk/f rnfPsf 5g\ . sf–Uo"/ / t]g\ Uo"/ h:tf lxdfnL a'4 wd{sf cfwf/e"t k':ts a'4jrg / tT;DaGwL JofVof jf efUo;Fu ;DalGwt cg'lbt u|Gy x'g\ . To;}n] g lxdfnL af}4 k/Dk/fnfO{ nfdfx¿sf] dfq wd{ eg]/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 g lxGb" ;gftg k/Dk/fnfO{ …a|fXd0fÚ jf …afx'gÚ sf] dfq . g t …nfdfÚ …a|fXd0fÚ jf …afx'gÚ eGg] zAbx¿ s'g} Pp6f dfq hftLo k|j[lQ jf k4lt;Fu g} ;DalGwt x'g ;Sb5 . clns cfbz{ ¿kdf ;f]Rg] xf] eg] …nfdfÚ, …afx'gÚ h:tf zAb;Fu ;DalGwt u/fOPsf o:tf u'0fx¿ ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} dfgj ;d'bfodf klg :ki6} b]lvG5g\ .

olb …a|fXd0fjfbÚ jf …nfdfjfbÚ nfO{ dfGg] xf] eg], kf]k cGtu{t rNg] lqmlZrog k/Dk/f / rfn–rngnfO{ lsg …kf]kjfbÚ (popism) geGg] < s'g} s'g} n]vsx¿n] JofVof u/]/ rrf{df NofPsf slyt …afx'gjfbL efUojfbÚ kf]k cGtu{tsf ;dfhdf h/f] uf9]/ a;]sf u'0f x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ < …efUoÚ x]g]{ k4lt t clxn] o'/f]k, cd]l/sfdf Jofkf/s} ¿kdf rln/x]sf] 5 . JolQm tyf ;+:yf b'j} Jo:t 5g\ To:tf] sfddf . To;}n] o:tf zAbx¿ o'/f]kd'vL, ;fd|fHojfbL, k|e'TjjfbL tyf x]t'jfb (Rationalism) ;Fu ;DalGwt x'g\ eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf . o; ljifodf clxn] bnfO{ nfdfnfO{ s;}n] …l/Daf]5], tkfO{+sf] wfld{s k4lt s] xf] <Ú eg]/ k|Zg u/]df …nfdfjfbÚ eGg] hjfkm cjZo cfpFb}gÙ a? :jfefljs pQ/ ldNg]5– …dxfofgL af}4 k/Dk/f .Ú zÍ/frfo{nfO{ To:t} k|Zg u/]df hjfkm …a|fXd0f jf afx'gjfbÚ eGg] gcfP/ …lxGb" ;gftgÚ eGg] g} cfpg] 5 .

;dfhjfbL lrGts DofS;j]j/ x'g\ jf k"FhLjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf pkh Pn\=P= jf8]nÙ b'j}yl/n] slyt …nfdfjfbÚ jf …a|fXd0fjfbÚ sf ljifodf q'l6k"0f{ dfq geO{ e|dfTds / xf]Rrfpg] k|s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ePsf] s'/f cfh cfP/ :ki6 ePsf] 5 . lxhf]cfh pQ/–cf}klgj]lzs / pQ/–cfw'lgsjfbL (Post colonial and post modern) ljåfg\x¿ To:tf] lsl;dsf] JofVofnfO{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ (Ironic) jf lgif]wfTds (Negational) 7fGb5g\ .

s'g} klg ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfsf] ljifodf ul/g] gf}nf] k|s[ltsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0fn] ;DalGwt ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ g} s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] To:tf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;txL / efj'stfsf cfwf/df dfq rNbf w]/} gsf/fTds k|efj klg kg{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] ;f]r lng' cfjZos x'G5 . cflv/ s'g} klg ;dfh jf /fi6« cGtlg{lxt k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/ lagf :jfefljs 9Ën] rNg ;Sb}gg\ . k/Dk/f cfkm}Fdf rflxF k"0f{ ckl/jt{gLo xf]Og . t/ klg cs:dft\ kl/jt{g x'g] / ug]{ j:t' klg of] xf]Og . wd{ tyf k/Dk/fdf ;'wf/ x'g ;S5, :yfgLos/0f klg ;Dej x'G5, ;dosf] cGt/fnsf sf/0f s]xL km/s klg cfpg ;S5 t/ of] k"0f{ lj:yfkg x'g] jf ug{ ;Dej j:t' xf]Og . olb ;Dej} agfOP tfklg To;sf] k|s[lt Ifl0fs / k|efj cdfgjLo x'G5 . To;}n] ;txL lsl;dn] / efj'stfsf e/df dfq ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'nfO{ JofVof ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPdf cGttM o;sf] k|ltkmn rflxF z"Go dfq geO{ gsf/fTds g} kg{ ;Sb5 . …nfdfjfbÚ / …afx'gjfbÚ eGg] zAb / JofVof klg o:t} xfdL cfkm}Fn] cfkm"nfO{ ga'‰]sf] ;txL s'/f dfq xf] . n
-af}4 tyf lxdfnL If]qsf cGj]ifs 8f= 9'Ë]n g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| lqljljdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 ._